,1. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a primary principle
of experimental design?
a) Control
b) Randomization
c) Replication
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Rationale: Control, randomization, and replication are all
fundamental principles of experimental design that work together
to ensure the validity and reliability of the results.
2. True/False: The Hawthorne effect implies that participants will
alter their behavior due to the awareness of being observed.
Answer: True
Rationale: The Hawthorne effect is the phenomenon where
study participants change their behavior because they recognize
that they are being observed as part of a study.
3. Fill-in-the-Blank: In research methodology, _______ validity
refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be
generalized to other situations and to other people.
Answer: External
, Rationale: External validity is concerned with the applicability
of the study's findings beyond the immediate study.
4. Multiple Response: Select all the factors that can affect the
reliability of a measurement.
a) The instrument's quality
b) The participant's mood
c) The environment
d) The researcher's expertise
Answers: a) The instrument's quality, b) The participant's
mood, c) The environment
Rationale: All these factors can introduce variability into the
measurement process, affecting its consistency and reliability.
5. True/False: Counterbalancing is used to control for sequence
effects in repeated measures designs.
Answer: True
Rationale: Counterbalancing is a method used to mitigate the
effects that the order of presenting stimuli may have on the
dependent variable.
6. Multiple Choice: In a research study, the term 'fidelity' refers
to:
, a) The accuracy with which an intervention is implemented
b) The degree to which a test measures what it intends to
measure
c) The extent to which findings can be generalized
d) The consistency of a measurement over time
Answer: a) The accuracy with which an intervention is
implemented
Rationale: Fidelity in research refers to the faithful
implementation of an intervention as it was designed, which is
crucial for the validity of the study.
7. Fill-in-the-Blank: The _______ effect occurs when participants'
expectations about the intervention affect the outcomes.
Answer: Placebo
Rationale: The placebo effect is a psychological phenomenon
where a participant's expectations lead to perceived or actual
improvements in their condition.
8. Multiple Response: Which of the following are types of
experimental designs?
a) Pretest-posttest control group design
b) Solomon four-group design
c) Cross-sectional design
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