NUR 3125 Pathophysiology FINAL EXAM LATEST
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Why do lymph nodes become large? - ANSWER: Infection, disease processes
What is lymph? - ANSWER: a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes
the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream.
About 3 liters of fluid are lost to the tissue spaces every 24 hours and are returned to
the bloodstream as...? - ANSWER: Lymph
The lymph is carried by? - ANSWER: - lymphatic vessels
- goes to chest via lymphatic vessels and then enters venous circulation
Lymph consists of...? - ANSWER: mostly water and proteins that are too big to be
absorbed into the less permeable capillaries
How is erythropoietin made? - ANSWER: The kidney cells that make erythropoietin
are specialized so that they are sensitive to low oxygen levels in the blood that
travels through the kidney. These cells make and release erythropoietin when the
oxygen level is too low.
The low oxygen level may indicate anemia, a diminished number of red blood cells,
or hemoglobin molecules that carry oxygen through the body.
What causes erythropoietin secretion? - ANSWER: - tissue hypoxia
What disease processes cause erythropoietin release? - ANSWER: - Anemia
- High altitude
- Pulmonary disease
Where is iron stored in the body? - ANSWER: - bound to heme (hemoglobin) in
erythrocytes
- muscle cells (myoglobin)
- phagocytes
- liver as hepatic parenchymal cells as either ferritin or hemosiderin
- lost daily in sweat, bile, urine, sloughing of epithelial cells
- spleen
- bone marrow
How is iron stored in the body? - ANSWER: Ferritin
- apoferritin (ferritin without attached iron) can store thousands of atoms of iron
- several apoferritin complexes combine to form the micelle ferritin
- large amounts of micelles (if a large amount of iron is present) produce large iron
storage complexes, known as hemosiderin
, How does the body compensate for an increase in oxygen demand? - ANSWER: -
dilation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules which increases the blood flow through
them
- increased HR and SV
- rate and depth of breathing increase
What causes pernicious anemia? - ANSWER: Vitamin B12 deficiency
- associated with the end stage of type A chronic atrophic (autoimmune) gastritis
- No intrinsic factor
State the percentage of blood lost that would result in death - ANSWER: 40%
How is Hodgkin's Lymphoma diagnosed? - ANSWER: Excisional lymph node biopsy
shows Reed-Sternberg cells
Identify the treatment for polycythemia vera (PV) - ANSWER: - reducing RBC
proliferation and TBV
- controlling symptoms
- preventing clogging and clotting
- phlebotomy
- low-dose aspirin
Preload/Afterload - ANSWER: Preload affects the amount of blood going into Right
ventricle. Afterload is the systemic resistance after leaving the heart.
Explain the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANSWER: When BP and renal
blood flow or Na+ concentrations decrease, renin, an enzyme secreted by the
juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, is released. Renin stimulates the formation of
angiotensin I, an inactive polypeptide. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in
pulmonary vessels converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction and stimulates the secretion of aldosterone. Aldosterone promotes
Na+ and water reabsorption by the proximal tubules of the kidneys, thus conserving
Na+, blood volume, and blood pressure. Aldosterone also stimulates the secretion
and elimination of K+ by the distal tubule of the kidney.
Orthostatic hypotension and how it's assessed - ANSWER: a decrease in systolic
blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or a decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg
within three minutes of standing when compared with blood pressure from the
sitting or supine position
- have patient lie down, sit, and stand in 3 minute intervals
Pathology of CAD? - ANSWER: - impairs the pumping ability of the heart by depriving
heart muscle of oxygen and nutrients
- usually caused by atherosclerosis
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