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PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
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PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
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PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 PRACTICE QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS UPDATED 2024 -2025
Two defence mechanisms are denial and displacement. Outline what is meant by denial and
displacement and suggest how each could be involved in Tim coping with his situation. ANS - Denial -
refusing to acknowledge reality
Displacement - taking out your emotions on a substitute object
Possible applications:
• Tim refuses to believe his business is gone and still spends all day in his office (denial)
• Tim takes out his anger at the bank by arguing with his family (displacement)
Briefly evaluate defence mechanisms as a way of explaining human behaviour and experience ANS -
Possible evaluation points:
• Lack of testability/falsifiability since defence mechanisms are unconscious processes they cannot be
studied directly
• Defence mechanisms can only be inferred from behaviour or from reported thoughts or experiences
• Use of examples to illustrate and support argument
• Intuitive appeal - most people can appreciate the idea of denial, repression, displacement
• Use of evidence to support or contradict the existence of defence mechanisms eg case studies of
people who are unable to recall upsetting events
Outline what is meant by cognitive neuroscience and describe one practical application of cognitive
neuroscience. ANS - Possible content:
• Scientific study of brain/neurological structures, mechanisms, processes, chemistry
• That are responsible for cognitive/mental/thinking processes Possible applications:
• Use of scanning/imaging techniques eg to locate different types of memory in different areas of the
brain leading to treatment for memory problems
• Use of scanning/imaging techniques to study mental processing patients with depression or OCD or in
children with autism or dyslexia.
• Use of imaging techniques and angiography to study the effects of normal ageing on the brain or to
observe the effects of stroke on the brain
,• Use of computer simulations/computational modelling to test theories or hypotheses about mental
processes such as attention, memory, problem solving etc
• Use of computer modelling to develop voice recognition programmes
• Use of eye-tracking/motion-tracking to study visual word processing and reading
Outline Pavlov's research into classical conditioning and describe how classical conditioning might
explain a child's fear of school. ANS - Possible content:
• Detail of Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments into salivation reflex in dogs
• Knowledge of Pavlovian concepts in the context of Pavlov's experiments: unconditioned stimulus;
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response; conditioned response
• Detail of Pavlovian theory - learning by association; temporal association/contiguity
Possible Application:
• School is initially a neutral stimulus
• A fear-arousing event (the unconditioned stimulus) occurs whilst the child is at school eg being bullied
in the playground
• Initially the child experiences fear which is an unconditioned response to the fear-arousing event (eg
bullying)
• The fear-arousing event and school are paired together in time (are contiguous)
• Eventually the school becomes a conditioned stimulus which will elicit fear (now a conditioned
response) even when the original fear-arousing event is not present
Should the hypothesis for this research be directional or non-directional? Explain your answer. ANS - 1
mark - the hypothesis should be directional
Plus 1 mark - because there is past research indicating the likely direction of the effect (or similar)
Explain what is meant by operationalisation and suggest two ways in which 'riding a bike with care'
could have been operationalised. ANS - Content: operationalisation involves clearly specifying/defining
observable behaviours that represent the more general construct under investigation/to enable the
behaviour under investigation to be measured
Plus 1 mark each for two observable behaviours that could represent 'riding a bike with care'.
, Examples: use of cycle lanes/tracks, passing pedestrians at a distance of at least 1 metre, using bicycle
bell
The students thought that having a dog on a lead was a useful measure of considerate behaviour
because it had face validity. Explain what is meant by face validity in this context. ANS - 1 mark for
knowledge of the term face validity - where a behaviour appears at first sight (on the face of it) to
represent what is being measured
Plus 2 marks for clear and coherent application of the concept of face validity to the context
Application: Having a dog on a lead appears at first glance to be measuring considerate behaviour
because if a dog is on a lead it is less able/likely to upset other people by coming close, frightening,
chasing, biting, growling etc.
Identify and briefly outline two other types of validity in psychological research. ANS - Content:
• Concurrent - where performance on one measure correlates highly with performance on another
measure of the same variable
• Ecological - where a measure of a behaviour accurately reflects the way in which the behaviour would
occur in normal circumstances
• Temporal - where findings from research that took place at a certain point in time accurately reflect
the way that behaviour would occur at a different point in time
Explain how inter-observer reliability could be ensured by working as a pair. ANS - • The student pair
should discuss and agree beforehand their interpretation of the behavioural categories
• Each student should then observe the same people/space/target at the same time but record/tally
independently
• Their respective recordings/tallies should be correlated using an appropriate statistical test ascertain
the level of agreement
The students carried out a Chi-square test on their data. Explain why the Chi-square test was an
appropriate test to use in this case. ANS - • Data is categorical/nominal/frequency
• The students are looking for a difference or an association between two variables
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