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2025 HMX IMMUNOLOGY TEST WITH 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS AND 50 MORE QUESTIONS WITHOUT ANSWERS/ IMMUNOLOGY-HMX TEST BANK (NEW!)$28.99
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2025 HMX IMMUNOLOGY TEST WITH 300
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS AND 50 MORE QUESTIONS
WITHOUT ANSWERS/ IMMUNOLOGY-HMX
TEST BANK (NEW!)
What consists of mechanisms that exist prior to infection and are capable of rapid
responses to microbes? These mechanisms react in essentially the same way to
each repeat infection. (2 words)
innate immunity
Part of the innate immune response is ________________, and it is essential for
survival and is a common, symptom-producing feature of many infections.
inflammation
What is a more complex defense system against infection that requires some time
to develop after initial exposure to the microbe? (2 words)
adaptive immunity
The defining characteristics of adaptive immune responses are
exquisite ______________ for millions of different distinct
molecules, _________________ of the immune response to different types of
microbes, and the ability to "remember" and respond more vigorously to repeated
exposures to the same microbe, called ____________.
specificity, specialization, memory
Adaptive immunity is mediated by ________________ _____ ___________
_________ _________ __________________.
lymphocytes with highly diverse antigen receptors
There are two main types of adaptive immunity: responses mediated by antibodies
secreted by __ cells and responses mediated by __ cells. (answer has 2 letters, in
order of this question, and with a comma between them)
pg. 1
,B, T
The innate immune system is capable of _____ ________ responses to an
infection. Crucially, an innate immune response is required to activate the slower-
acting adaptive immune system, which is capable of mounting a more targeted
response to a microbe.
very rapid
Which of the functions listed might be important mechanisms involved in innate
immune defense? (Select all that apply.)
1. Physical and chemical barriers, such as the epithelial linings of the skin and gut.
2. Specialized receptors on cells that can recognize common microbial patterns.
3. Anti-microbial proteins at epithelial surfaces and in the blood.
4. Immune cells that can phagocytose (ingest) and kill microbes.
5. Immune cells that can recognize infected cells and kill them.
6. Proteins that promote inflammation.
All of the functions listed play some role in the innate immune system. The innate
immune system has a large arsenal of different cells, proteins, barriers, and
complex functionalities that can act alone or in concert to protect against the
microbial world.
Immune cells differentiate from progenitor cells in the primary lymphoid organs.
What are the two primary lymphoid organs?
Bone marrow and thymus
Most types of mature immune cells can circulate through blood vessels, where they
are known as __________________ ________________.
circulating leukocytes
Within ______________, particularly epithelial barriers, tissue-resident sentinel
cells function to sense microbes and respond to infections.
pg. 2
,tissues
Immune cells called ___________________ are particularly abundant in the
lymphatic system.
lymphocytes
Lymph is a clear fluid that drains from tissues to the heart through
__________________ ______________.
lymphatic vessels
Crucially, lymphocytes and other immune cells concentrate in the secondary
lymphoid organs (notably _____________ ________), which are connected to the
lymphatic system.
lymph nodes
__________________ (primary or secondary) lymphoid organs play a critical role
in generating a robust pathogen-specific immune response.
secondary
During inflammation, circulating ______________ and ______________ are
recruited into the tissue.
neutrophils and monocytes
When monocytes enter the tissue they differentiate into ___________________.
macrophages
Macrophages and neutrophils are ______________ cells.
phagocytic
___________ ___________ ___________ ______ such as dendritic cells,
macrophages, and mast cells contribute to inflammation by secreting pro-
inflammatory cytokines.
tissue resident sentinel cells
A monocyte is a _________________ _____________________.
circulating leukocyte
A macrophage is a ___________ ___________ ___________ ______.
pg. 3
, tissue resident sentinel cell
A neutrophil is a _________________ _____________________.
circulating leukocyte
A dendritic cell is a ___________ ___________ ___________ ______.
tissue resident sentinel cell
A mast cell is a ___________ ___________ ___________ ______.
tissue resident sentinel cell
A ____________ is a cell that uses innate immune receptors to recognize and
phagocytose microbes; these cells have a short life span within tissue and often
rapidly die by apoptosis.
neutrophil
A ____________ is a cell that uses innate immune receptors to recognize and
phagocytose microbes. It also will phagocytose and digest apoptotic cells.
macrophage
Which of the cells below is a tissue-resident cell that releases histamine upon
recognition of a microbe with innate immune receptors?
mast cell
3 multiple choice options
Mast cells, dendritic cells, and tissue-resident macrophages all release pro-
inflammatory ____________ when their innate immune receptors recognize
microbes.
cytokines
Tissue resident sentinel cells secrete _______________ and other inflammatory
mediators in response to microbes that enter the tissue.
cytokines
Cytokines and other mediators activate ____________________ cells which
promote movement of blood cells, fluid, and proteins into the tissue.
endothelial
pg. 4
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