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ANATOMY BIOL-N 261 PRACTICE EXAM 1 2025 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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ANATOMY BIOL-N 261 PRACTICE EXAM 1 2025 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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ANATOMY BIOL-N 261 PRACTICE EXAM 1 2025 WITHCORRECT ANSWERS
Anatomy - Precise Answer ✔✔study of internal and external structures of the human body. Given that
specific structures perform specific functions, therefore, structure determines function
Microscopic anatomy - Precise Answer ✔✔study of body structures that cannot be viewed without
magnification, includes cytology and histology
Gross anatomy - Precise Answer ✔✔study of body structures which are visible without the aid of
magnification (visible to the naked eye)
Developmental Anatomy - Precise Answer ✔✔study of structural changes that occur from conception to
physical maturity
Comparative Anatomy - Precise Answer ✔✔study of the anatomy of different types of animals
Pathological Anatomy - Precise Answer ✔✔study of structural changes in cells, tissues and organs caused
by disease
Radiographic Anatomy - Precise Answer ✔✔study of the internal body structures by using non-invasive
imaging techniques (x-ray & ultrasound)
Surgical Anatomy - Precise Answer ✔✔study of anatomical landmarks, which are important to surgical
procedures
Chemical level - Precise Answer ✔✔atoms combine to form small molecules (water, carbon dioxide) and
larger macromolecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acid)
Cellular level - Precise Answer ✔✔cells are comprised of molecules; they are the smallest living units in
the body; cellular organelles are their functional subunits
,Tissue level - Precise Answer ✔✔similar types of cells, with a common function, combine to form
tissues; four primary tissue types comprise all organs of the human body
Organ level - Precise Answer ✔✔more than one tissue type (often all four tissues) combine to form
organs; extremely complex physiological processes occur at this level
Organ System Level - Precise Answer ✔✔organs that work closely together combine to form an organ
system, to accomplish a common purpose; there are 11 organ systems of the human body.
Human Organism - Precise Answer ✔✔the highest level of structural organization; this is the
combination of all the organ systems functioning together to sustain the life of the organism
Integumentary System - Precise Answer ✔✔(epidermis and dermis) Protection from environmental
hazards, temperature control; accessory structures are hair follicles, sweat (sudoriferous) glands and oil
(sebaceous) glands
Skeletal System - Precise Answer ✔✔Support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, blood
formation
Muscular System - Precise Answer ✔✔Locomotion, support, heat production
Nervous System - Precise Answer ✔✔Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating
the activities of other organ systems
Endocrine System - Precise Answer ✔✔comprised of glands, which secrete hormones that regulate
processes (such as metabolism, growth, reproduction) of the other organ systems
Cardiovascular System - Precise Answer ✔✔comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood to
transport materials (such as respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes) within the body
Lymphoid (Lymphatic & Immune) System - Precise Answer ✔✔comprised of the lymphatic vessels,
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen), lymphocytes, and lymphoid tissue; returns leaked fluid
,to blood; provides defense against pathogens and disease by housing white blood cells (lymphocytes)
that function in immunity
Respiratory System - Precise Answer ✔✔comprised of the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, and the lungs; maintains the blood's constant supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
by delivering air to the lungs where gas exchange occurs at the alveoli (air sacs of the lungs)
Digestive System - Precise Answer ✔✔comprised of the gastrointestinal tract (or alimentary canal) and
accessory structures, which together function to process food and absorb nutrients
Urinary System - Precise Answer ✔✔comprised of the kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, and the
urethra; functions to eliminate excess water, salts, and nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates
water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
Reproductive System - Precise Answer ✔✔comprised of gonads (testes in the male, ovaries in the
female), accessory organs and external genitalia, overall function is to produce sex cells and hormones
for the purpose of producing offspring; the female reproductive system supports embryonic
development
Anatomical Position - Precise Answer ✔✔person is standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward,
feet flat on floor, face straight ahead
Axial Region - Precise Answer ✔✔consists of the head, neck, and torso
Appendicular Region - Precise Answer ✔✔consists of the upper and lower limbs (for extremities)
Superior (cranial & cephalic) - Precise Answer ✔✔above or towards the head
Interior (caudal) - Precise Answer ✔✔below or towards the feet
Anterior (ventral) - Precise Answer ✔✔toward the front of the body; in front of (the front or belly side)
, Posterior (dorsal) - Precise Answer ✔✔toward or at the back of the body; behind (the back side)
Medial - Precise Answer ✔✔toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral - Precise Answer ✔✔away from the midline of the body; toward the sides or on the outer sides
of (the ears are lateral to the nose)
Proximal - Precise Answer ✔✔closer to where the arm or leg inserts into the body (the knee is proximal
to the ankle)
Distal - Precise Answer ✔✔further away from where the arm or leg inserts into the body (the wrist is
distal to the elbow)
Superficial (external) - Precise Answer ✔✔closer to or at the body surface (the skin is superficial to the
heart)
Deep (internal) - Precise Answer ✔✔farther from or away from the body surface; more internal (the
lungs are deep to the skin)
Ipsilateral - Precise Answer ✔✔on the same side (the right leg and right hand are ipsilateral)
Contralateral - Precise Answer ✔✔on opposite sides (the right leg and the left hand are contralateral)
Frontal (coronal) plane - Precise Answer ✔✔sideways cut, divides into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse (horizontal) plane - Precise Answer ✔✔horizontal cut, divides body into superior and inferior
portions
Sagittal plane - Precise Answer ✔✔vertical lenghthwise cut, divides body into left and right portions
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