NRSG 357: Bone Health – Questions With Solutions
What are the normal functions of bone? Right Ans - -Support, protection of
internal organs, voluntary movement, blood cell production, mineral storage
-point of attachment for muscles and ligaments
-lever for muscles
-production of RBC, WBC
-storage of inorganic minerals
What changes to bone are related to aging? Right Ans - -decreased bone
density and strength
-slowed remodeling process
What are normal functions of joints (articulation)? Right Ans - -Place
where two bones are in proximity and move in relation to each other.
-Diarthrodial (synovial) type: freely moveable
What changes to joint (articulation) are related to aging? Right Ans - -
increased risk for cartilage erosion that leads to direct contact between bone
ends and overgrowth of bone around joint margins
-loss of water from discs between vertebrae, decreased height of
intervertebral spaces.
What are the three types of cartilage? Right Ans - -hyaline
-elastic
-fibrous
Describe hyaline cartilage Right Ans - -most common
-contains moderate amount of collagen fibers
-Found in trachea, bronchi, nose, epiphyseal plate, articular surfaces of bones
Describe elastic cartilage Right Ans - -contains both collagen and elastic
fibers
-more flexible than hyaline
-found in ear, epiglottis, and larynx
Describe fibrous cartilage Right Ans - -mostly collagen fibers and is tough
tissue that often function as shock absorber
,-found between vertebral discs and forms protective cushion between bones
of pelvic girdle knee, and shoulder
What are the three types of muscles? Right Ans - -cardiac
-smooth
-skeletal
Describe cardiac muscles Right Ans - -striated, involuntary
-found in heart only
Describe smooth muscles Right Ans - -nonstriated, involuntary
-found in walls of hallow structures such as airways, arteries, GI tract, urinary
bladder, uterus
Describe skeletal muscles Right Ans - -striated, voluntary
-found half human's body weight
What changes to muscles are related to aging? Right Ans - -decreased
number and diameter of muscle cells. Replacement of muscle cells by fibrous
connective tissue
-loss of elasticity and deterioration of cartilage
-reduced ability to store glycogen. Decreased ability to release glycogen as
quick energy during stress.
-decreased basal metabolic rate
What does the cellular structure of bone consist of? Right Ans - -inorganic
material (hydroxyapatite)
-organic material (osteoid)
What is inorganic material (hydroxyapatite)? Right Ans - -an inorganic
constituent of bone matrix and teeth, imparting rigidity to these structures
-calcium phosphate crystals
-mineral portion of bone giving it rigid strength and density
What is organic material (osteoid)? Right Ans - -protein + type 1 collagen
-tensile strength
What is an osteoprogenitor? Right Ans - -precursor to osteoblasts
-growth factors
, What is an osteoblast? Right Ans - -synthesize organic bone matrix
(collagen) and proteins
-are the basic bone-forming cells
-build bone
What is an osteocyte? Right Ans - -are mature bone cells
-have arms that connect with other osteocytes
-occupy lacunae "empty space"
What is an osteclast? Right Ans - -participate in bone remodeling by
assisting in breakdown of bone tissue
-derived from monocytes, bone resorption via tartrate resistant acid
phosphatase
-breaks bone down
-crush bone
What is the order of the bone remodeling cycle? Right Ans - -
Osteoprogrenitor > osteoblasts > osteocytes > osteocytes > osteoclasts
-Bones are constantly being built up and broken down
What illnesses can affect the musculoskeletal system? Right Ans - -
Tuberculosis
-Poliomyelitis
-DM
-Parathyroid problems
-Hemophilia
-Rickets
-Soft tissue infection
-Neuromuscular disability
-Arthritic and connective tissue disease (e.g. gout, psoriatic arthritis, systemic
lupus erythematosis)
-Osteomalacia
-Osteomyelitis
-Fungal infection of bones or joints
-Joint dysfunction
-Secondary bacterial infection (ears, tonsils, teeth, sinuses, lungs,
genitourinary tract)
What are the normal functions of bone? Right Ans - -Support, protection of
internal organs, voluntary movement, blood cell production, mineral storage
-point of attachment for muscles and ligaments
-lever for muscles
-production of RBC, WBC
-storage of inorganic minerals
What changes to bone are related to aging? Right Ans - -decreased bone
density and strength
-slowed remodeling process
What are normal functions of joints (articulation)? Right Ans - -Place
where two bones are in proximity and move in relation to each other.
-Diarthrodial (synovial) type: freely moveable
What changes to joint (articulation) are related to aging? Right Ans - -
increased risk for cartilage erosion that leads to direct contact between bone
ends and overgrowth of bone around joint margins
-loss of water from discs between vertebrae, decreased height of
intervertebral spaces.
What are the three types of cartilage? Right Ans - -hyaline
-elastic
-fibrous
Describe hyaline cartilage Right Ans - -most common
-contains moderate amount of collagen fibers
-Found in trachea, bronchi, nose, epiphyseal plate, articular surfaces of bones
Describe elastic cartilage Right Ans - -contains both collagen and elastic
fibers
-more flexible than hyaline
-found in ear, epiglottis, and larynx
Describe fibrous cartilage Right Ans - -mostly collagen fibers and is tough
tissue that often function as shock absorber
,-found between vertebral discs and forms protective cushion between bones
of pelvic girdle knee, and shoulder
What are the three types of muscles? Right Ans - -cardiac
-smooth
-skeletal
Describe cardiac muscles Right Ans - -striated, involuntary
-found in heart only
Describe smooth muscles Right Ans - -nonstriated, involuntary
-found in walls of hallow structures such as airways, arteries, GI tract, urinary
bladder, uterus
Describe skeletal muscles Right Ans - -striated, voluntary
-found half human's body weight
What changes to muscles are related to aging? Right Ans - -decreased
number and diameter of muscle cells. Replacement of muscle cells by fibrous
connective tissue
-loss of elasticity and deterioration of cartilage
-reduced ability to store glycogen. Decreased ability to release glycogen as
quick energy during stress.
-decreased basal metabolic rate
What does the cellular structure of bone consist of? Right Ans - -inorganic
material (hydroxyapatite)
-organic material (osteoid)
What is inorganic material (hydroxyapatite)? Right Ans - -an inorganic
constituent of bone matrix and teeth, imparting rigidity to these structures
-calcium phosphate crystals
-mineral portion of bone giving it rigid strength and density
What is organic material (osteoid)? Right Ans - -protein + type 1 collagen
-tensile strength
What is an osteoprogenitor? Right Ans - -precursor to osteoblasts
-growth factors
, What is an osteoblast? Right Ans - -synthesize organic bone matrix
(collagen) and proteins
-are the basic bone-forming cells
-build bone
What is an osteocyte? Right Ans - -are mature bone cells
-have arms that connect with other osteocytes
-occupy lacunae "empty space"
What is an osteclast? Right Ans - -participate in bone remodeling by
assisting in breakdown of bone tissue
-derived from monocytes, bone resorption via tartrate resistant acid
phosphatase
-breaks bone down
-crush bone
What is the order of the bone remodeling cycle? Right Ans - -
Osteoprogrenitor > osteoblasts > osteocytes > osteocytes > osteoclasts
-Bones are constantly being built up and broken down
What illnesses can affect the musculoskeletal system? Right Ans - -
Tuberculosis
-Poliomyelitis
-DM
-Parathyroid problems
-Hemophilia
-Rickets
-Soft tissue infection
-Neuromuscular disability
-Arthritic and connective tissue disease (e.g. gout, psoriatic arthritis, systemic
lupus erythematosis)
-Osteomalacia
-Osteomyelitis
-Fungal infection of bones or joints
-Joint dysfunction
-Secondary bacterial infection (ears, tonsils, teeth, sinuses, lungs,
genitourinary tract)
