Summary
GY100 revision summary table
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Revision table summarising key concepts and arguments broken down by topic.
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EconomicHistoryGeography
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Topic Key points Key facts Authors + argumentsTraditions Imperialism - Semple: environment impacts human
- Mercator map – used by East for imperialism life (determinism)
19thC move to explanation - Ratzel: formed idea of 'living space' -
- Establishment of disciplines theoretical justification of Nazi
- Mackinder – Eurocentric map, reason why other places behind expansion
Environmental determinism (19/20th C)
- Natural environment created human world
- Laws of selection applied to race
- Justification for imperialism
Radicalism
- Geography to change world
50s Qualitative revolution
- Mapping/quantification
-
Space + place Space - Lefebvre: space produced under
- Dynamic conditions of capitalist inequality (here
- Different perceptions vs there), commodification of space
- Measurable - Yi-Fu Tan: knowing the world through
- Inseparable Time-space perception (humanistic)
- Flow – space is connections/journey - Harvey: contradictions of capitalism
Place (profit, reduce wages, less consumer
- Embodied – on the ground income to buy product – instability of
- Experiential (not conceptual) capitalism, crisis always moved
- Manifestation of space somewhere else (systemic risk)
Place + globalisation - Massey: global sense of place, product
- Mosaic: borders, differences, identity, defensive localism of interconnecting flows, global in the
- Homogenisation of place local etc, no bounded culture, time
Spatial space compression, differences in power
- Regional about place, spatial about space relation/dree of movement/who control
- General models movement. A lot more to experience of
- Space a surface on which phenomena is played out place than just economic. Locality =
- Transport changes nature of space multiple senses of place, sense of
, - Tobler’s law: closer things are more related
- Failed to account for power relations that underpin organisation belonging, attachment
of space – mapping of characteristics - Soja: critique of dualisms of space +
Humanistic assumption characteristics are clear cut.
- Rediscovery of place Thirdspace built on radical openness,
- Spatial ignored subjective /emotional aspects multiple identities
- Aim to discover variation in experience of space
- Space open arena of action/movement, place about engagement,
value and belonging
Critical
- Place socially constructed
- Social power relations
- Communication + capital mobility
- Place – sites of exclusion: insiders/outsiders
- Multiple truths
Radical
- Space: active role in production of society (not other way round)
- Multiple truths
- Marxism: space a product of social forces, identity from spatial
inequalities
Positivist
- Assumed world is rational and predictable
- Single knowledge + truth
- Denial of other ways of knowledge except from scientific
experiment
Society Race - ONS 2016: value of unpaid - Marx: capitalist vs working class
- European imperialism: modern-day dependence of settler states work £1.24 trill (equiv 63%
- Capitalism a result of colonial processes + theft GDP)
- Race as a social construct: any biological difference??
- Racism: environmental, monuments, redlining, Apartheid
- Jim Crow laws segregating black communities
- Positive discrimination
Gender
, - Reproductive labour in the home unaccounted for
- ‘second shift’ of labour when women return home
- Gendered urban planning + architecture
- Women belonging to private space, public space is for capital
- Women disproportionately do paid jobs similar to what they
would be doing in the home (cleaning, childcare, teaching)
- Increased ability to buy substitutes for reproductive work (fast
food)
- Ties to culture: expectations, performance, freedom, rights,
education
Class
- Economic stratification
- Marx: capitalist + working class – competing interests of high
wages + profit
- Gentrification (Smith’s rent gap theory – gap between current and
potential rent: urban space restructuring)
Importance of intersectionality…
Mobility Ravensteins laws 1880s: migrants move short distances, agri to industry, - 1965 75 mill, 2015 244mill
large towns, major cause economic - external, 740 internal
Neoclassical - 40% countries have
- Push + pull measures to lower migration
- Wage differentials - 19th20thC: North-north -
Spatial (60s) – sedentarism (59mill from Europe to the
- Fixed positions within space – locatedness Americas, Australia, New
- Functional movement between fixed points – used energy Zealand). South-south -
Mobilities turn (Indian and Chinese to
- Increasing intersecting mobilities colonies). North- south -
- Increased mobility in a globalised world (Europe to colonies)
- Capital, money, people, disease, resource, commodities - Post WW2: end of colonial
- Migration within regions rule, collapse of USSR
- Focus on identity, culture, belonging, experience (removal of mobility
- Changed nature: ability to live transnationally – transports, restrictions), growth of
communication, remittances south-north and south-
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