Y106 OCR A LEVEL HISTORY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.Buy Quality Materials!
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Y106 OCR A LEVEL HISTORY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.Buy Quality Materials!
What was the role of the court under Elizabeth?
Key influential positions at court - grooms of the chamber, yeomen of the guard, etc
Royal patronage available to courtiers (licences to import/export, military posts, ambass...
Y106 OCR A LEVEL HISTORY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS.Buy Quality Materials!
What was the role of the court under Elizabeth?
Key influential positions at court - grooms of the chamber, yeomen of the guard, etc
Royal patronage available to courtiers (licences to import/export, military posts,
ambassadorships, etc)
Courtiers became political figures:
- Elizabeth often took advice from courtiers - e.g. Dudley (before he was Privy
Councillor) + Walter Raleigh
- royal patronage given from Elizabeth, but would be given on advice of powerful
noblemen, so system of patronage developed where individuals would gain personal
support from those they had helped to advance at court (i.e. appoint their own
supporters to key positions)
What were the key features of the Privy Council?
Functions = advise the Queen over matters of state; draft, pass + enforce laws; raise
and administer kingdom's finances
- Elizabeth not bound to listen to their advice, but rarely ignored
3 types of councillors appointed at start of reign: nobility (thought to be natural advisors
to the monarch), gentry who had experience under her predecessors, + gentry she
respected for her wisdom and expertise or loyalty to her earlier in life
- she kept her councillors in power for very long time (stability)
- as reign progressed she relied more on those she had a close relationship with rather
than noblemen, caused of Essex Rebellion
Balance of opinion - 1562 Dudley (Protestant) and Norfolk (Catholic sympathies) made
councillors
Summoned a dozen men to council at any 1 time, + council met twice a week (but daily
in times of difficulty)
- Elizabeth rarely attended
What were some of the key topics discussed the Privy Council?
Intervening with Scotland 1559-60: with Cecil's encouragement council decided to send
troops to try to end French influence in Scotland
Elizabeth getting smallpox 1562: discussed issue of succession, but failed to reach
decision
Arrival of MQS 1568: council persuaded liz that Mary couldn't be let out of the country
until she had undergone some sort of trial
St Bartholomew's Massacre 1572: emergency response discussed, increased guards
around MQS and provisions to defend south coast
Sending aid to Dutch rebels 1576: first suggested by Leicester, Burghley more cautious
+ so was Liz, but by 1584 agreed to send troops (war with Spain)
Marrying Duke of Alencon 1579: 12 councillors discussed all day, by end 7 opposed
marriage - Elizabeth not please but eventually withdrew from negotiations
Assassination of William of Orange 1584: drew up Bond of Association (anyone that
threatened Elizabeth's life would be immediately executed)
, Execution of Mary Queen of Scots 1586: immense pressure from Council to execute her
(Burghley fabricated plots and that Armada had arrived in Wales, + prepared death
warrant, Hatton denounced Mary in Parliament, Walsingham revealed so called Stafford
Plot), once Liz had signed warrant Privy Council had her executed in secret from Liz
Who was/What was the role of William Cecil?
Became Lord Burghley from 1571
Elizabeth's closest advisor until his death in 1598, had been an advisor to her even
before she became Queen
- close personal relationship with Liz, acted as a father figure
Secretary of State until 1572, then Lord High Treasurer until his death
Gentry background, legally trained + had been an MP (rare example of Tudor social
mobility)
Moderate Protestant like Liz, but more was sympathetic to the Puritan cause
- not Marian exile (had been briefly imprisoned under Mary)
Tended to be cautious and conservative and believed in maintaining the hierarchy + law
like Liz
Unlike Liz much more suspicious of European powers as he feared they would
overthrow her
Believed that only Liz's marriage and having an undisputed succession could secure her
position
What are some examples of the influence of William Cecil?
Threatened to resign in 1560 unless Liz agreed to help Protestant Lords in Scotland
When Liz appeared to be resisting his advice he used 'hired pens' to try change her
mind (e.g. got Thomas Norton to write a play for Liz which showed disaster befalling a
kingdom with no settled succession)
Because of his position of influence, received 100+ letters daily asking for his favour
and even Leicester asked him to help organise the exchange of lands with Liz
1586: part of commission that tried MQS and instrumental in securing her execution
(personally delivered the death warrant, and quickly executed MQS in secret before Liz
could find out)
- immensely pressured Liz to sign MQS's death warrant after Babington plot, even
fabricated other plots and against her and told her the Armada had landed in Wales
when they hadn't
- Liz furious with him afterwards for acting without her authority and banished him from
court temporarily
People at the time of Cecil + him securing the succession of his son spoke of the
regnum Cecilianum - "kingdom of the Cecils"
Who was/What was the role of Sir Francis Walsingham?
Appointed Principal Secretary of State 1573
Firm Protestant, almost Puritan
Trusted by Cecil + worked together closely in gov
- Liz didn't like him + disagreed on religion but recognised his talent
Worked as envoy to Liz, which allowed him to create network of contacts and a spy
network - mainly responsible for discovering the plotting of MQS
died 1590
Who was/What was the role of Sir Christopher Hatton?
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