A Level Sociology Paper 3 - Crime and Deviance Study Guide Exam And Actual Answers.
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A-LEVEL SOCIOLOGY
Institution
A-LEVEL SOCIOLOGY
clinard - Answer should be reserved for behaviour that is so disapproved of that the community find it impossible to tolerate
deviance - Answer subjective, and culturally determined - cultures changed over time and very between societies
normative definition of deviance (conform) - Answ...
A Level Sociology Paper 3 - Crime and
Deviance Study Guide Exam And Actual
Answers.
clinard - Answer should be reserved for behaviour that is so disapproved of that the community find it
impossible to tolerate
deviance - Answer subjective, and culturally determined - cultures changed over time and very
between societies
normative definition of deviance (conform) - Answer refers to actions which differ from the accepted
standards of society - consists of the violation of social norms
Durkheim - Answer "every society shares a set of core values"
no society has complete behavioural conformity
relativistic definition of deviance (conflict) - Answer the basis of society is a diversity of values - not
consensus
society far too complex
conflicts in interest
values in constant change of state
dynamic process - Answer 1. labelling/ interactionist
2. conflict
the dominant values are the outcome of the struggle
functionalism - Answer - society based on consensus values
- ensures social solidarity
- 2 functions: socialisation and social control
,Durkheim on crime and deviance - Answer "crime is normal... an integral part of all healthy societies"
- crime inevitable and universal
- due to inadequate socialisation or anomie (the collapse of the collective conscious - modern society
rules less clear cut due to increased individuality)
boundary maintenance (Durkheim) - Answer - crime produces a reaction that unites members by
condemning wrongdoing and reinforcing values and social solidarity
boundary maintenance (Cohen) - Answer - media creates moral panics (exaggerated over reaction by
society), which enlarges problem out of proportion to real seriousness
- media identifies a group as a 'folk devil' (threat)
adaption and change (Durkheim) - Answer - crime starts with an act of deviance from individuals with
new ideas that have been suppressed e.g. racism
- neither very high or low levels desirable
- too much threatens bonds of society apart
- too little means society controlling its members too much, preventing freedom and change
Davis - function of crime (safety valve) - Answer prostitution a safety valve for releasing mens sexual
frustrations without threatening nuclear family
Polsky - function of crime - Answer pornography safely 'channels' sexual desire away from alternatives
e.g. adultery
Cohen - function of crime - Answer warning institution not working
functionalists - function of crime - Answer - boundary maintenance
- adaption and change
,Erikson - function of crime - Answer - manages and regulates deviance rather than eradicate it entirely
e.g. police
- festivals e.g. license misbehaviour that may be punished in other contexts
- young may be given leeway to 'sow their wild oats' - a way of coping with strains of transition to
adulthood
criticisms of functionalism - Answer - only say why crime exists, not how it came to be
- society doesn't make crime with intention to strengthen society
- ignores how crime may affect different groups e.g. what about perpetrator
- doesn't always promote solidarity
subcultural theory of crime - Answer - deviance a product of a delinquent subculture with different
values from those of mainstream society
- these provide an alternative opportunity for the who are denied the chance to achieve by legitimate
means
A.K. Cohen: status frustration (subcultural) - Answer - agrees with Merton: deviance mostly wc
phenomenon
- results from inability to achieve goals by legitimate means
- however, not an individual phenomenon or focuses on utilitarian crime
- focuses on wc boys as face anomie in mc world
- cultural deprivation - lack of skills to achieve
Alternative status hierarchy (subcultural) - Answer - values spite and hostility for those outside of it
- inverts values of mainstream society e.g. truancy at school
- offers boys ways to achieve
- explains non-utilitarian deviance e.g. vandalism
- ignores possibility of not sharing mainstream views in first place
Cloward and Ohlin: three subcultures - Answer - agree with Cohen: wc denied legitimate opportunities
, - not everyone wants to innovate: different subcultures act differently
- unequal access to legitimate and illegitimate means
- different neighbourhoods offer different illegitimate opportunities
- results in three subcultures
Cloward and Ohlin: criminal subculture - Answer - provides apprenticeship for career in utilitarian
crime
- only in neighbourhoods with longstanding, stable criminal subcultures with established hierarchy of
professionals
- learn from adult criminals
Cloward and Ohlin: conflict subculture - Answer - areas of high population turnover making for high
levels of social disorganisation
- loosely organised gangs and violence release frustration by winning 'turf'
Cloward and Ohlin: Retreatist subculture - Answer - double failures: cannot make legitimate or
illegitimate means
- retreat to drug use
Shaw and Mckay: cultural transmission theory - Answer criminal culture transmitted from generation
to generation
Sutherland: differential association theory - Answer deviance learnt through social interaction with
those who are already socially deviant
Park and Burgess: social disorganisation theory - Answer rapid change in society causes instability and
poor social control
Cloward and Ohlin - critiques - Answer - too deterministic
- ignores wider power structures
- South: can be more than one subculture
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