AP Government Politics and Policies (Chapters 13, 14, & 15)
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Course
AP Government
Institution
Junior / 11th Grade
This document provides well-supported notes from in-class lectures and textbooks. These notes cover social welfare, foreign affairs and foreign policy, environmental policy, and congressional acts.
Learning Objective: Write Answers / Notes / Definitions / Examples
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13.1 Social Welfare Policy ● Before the 1960s, citizens believed that:
○ The federal government should ensure that all retirees,
whatever their work history, have enough money to live on
○ All veterans of foreign wars recieve grants for college and
subsidized medical care for life
○ All low-wage workers recieve tax credits that effectively
boost their wages
○ All citizens who need it have access to affordable housing
● From the New Deal to the New Health Care Law
○ Taken after the election of 1932
○ Great Depression began in 1929> New Deal Programs
pulling the US back from disaster
● Insurance program: A self-financing government program based on
contributions that provide benefits to unemployed or retired persons.
● Assistance Program: A government program financed by General
income taxes that provides benefits to poor citizens without
requiring contributions from them.
● Means test: And come qualification program that determines
whether one is eligible for benefits under government programs
reserved for lower income groups.
● Two Kinds of Social Welfare Programs:
○ Legally the difference between the two kinds of social
welfare programs is that the first have no means test while
the second are means tested.
○ Majoritarian politics: A policy in which almost everybody
benefits and almost everybody pays.
○ Client Politics: A policy in which one small group benefits
and almost everybody pays.
● Social Security and Medicare:
○ When Social Security began in 1935 and Medicare in 1965
many people benefited and the cost was small but that system
is breaking down as Millions more Americans retire and
depend on social security for some or all of their income.
● Medicaid: Client and Majoritarian:
○ At first glance Medicaid may seem closer to the old AFDC
, program and the present TANF program that it does to Social
Security and Medicare
13.2 Environmental Policy ● The Politics of Global Warming
○ Global warming occurs when Gases such as carbon dioxide
produced by people when they burn fossil fuels wood oil or
coal get trapped in the atmosphere and cause the Earth's
temperature to rise.
○ despite the partisan divide bipartisan efforts to address the
issue have been made in several recent sessions of Congress
(ex. in 2009 the House of Representatives passed American
clean energy and Security Act though the bill failed in the
Senate).
● Endangered Species:
○ The Endangered Species Act passed in 1973 forbids buying
or selling a bird fish animal or plant the government regards
as endangered that is likely to become extinct unless it
receives special protection or engaging in any economic
activity
○ the esa is run by the fish and wildlife service and the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. the Clean
Air Act of 1970 imposed tough restrictions on the amount of
pollutants that could come out of automobile tall pipes
○ sometimes the rain snow or dust particles that fall under the
land are acidic each side in the debate mustard its favorite
experts they provided some support for each side and what
became a fierce interest group battle
Ssome client groups have so far escaped this momentum one
such group is organized farmers who more or less have
successfully resisted efforts to restrict the use of pesticides or
to control the runoff of pesticides from farmlands.
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