ANSWERS ALL VERIFIED BY
AN EXPERT A+ GRADED
(LATEST UPDATE)
, Na normal lab value - ANS 135-145
K normal lab value - ANS 3.5-5.0
Mg normal lab value - ANS 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Calcium normal lab value - ANS 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
K
Abnormal signs and symptoms of K - ANS excessive thirst, increased urination, muscle
cramps, fatigue/weakness, irregular heartbeat, constipation, abdominal cramping
C
Abnormal signs and symptoms of Mg - ANS muscle cramps, fatigue/weakness, abnormal heart
rhythm, numbness/tingling, mental symptoms, insomnia
LO
Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by - ANS converting a strong acid or base to a
weak one
Types of hypersensitivity reactions - ANS Type 1: Immunoglobulin IgE mediated
YC
reactions(allergic reaction), rapid time frame, ex peanut allergy
Type 2: tissue specific, activates complement cascade/phagocytosis, body attacks healthy RBC
thinking they are foreign, ex graves, hep induced thrombocytopenia
Type 3: immune complexes formed in circulation and deposited into cell wall and cause tissue
damage , ex is rayanuds
Type 4: delayed sensitivity, only type that is mediated by T lymphocytes and do not involve
D
antibodies, ex contact sensitivity to poison ivy, latex, mycobacterial infection
Prematurity - ANS baby born before 37 weeks gestation, causes: maternal age, multiple
U
pregnancies, uterine or cervical abnormalities, infections/chronic conditions. Clinical findings of
premature babies: low birth weight, jaundice, feeding difficulties
ST
RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) - ANS babies born before 28 weeks, caused by lack of
surfactant, characterized by shallow rapid breathing(grunting), males are more prone
NEC (necrotizing enterocolitis) - ANS babies born before 32 weeks, caused by damage and
inflammation to intestinal tissues, characterized by bloody stools and distended abdomen. Risk
factors: low birth weight, formula feedings
SIDS(sudden infant death syndrome) - ANS common between 1-4 months of age, most
frequent death for child 2 weeks-1 year, can occur from sleeping on soft surface, occurs in boys
more often than girls
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