NR324 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS
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Hypernatremia Causes - ANS ✓Decreased water intake
Water deprivation
Excess sodium intake
Kidney failure
Cushing's syndrome
Signs and Symptoms Hypernatremia - ANS ✓CV:
Heart rate and BP respond to changes in fluid volume
*Neuro:
*Agitation, confusion, restlessness, lethargy, seizures, coma
Skin:
Dry, flushed skin
Other:
Extreme thirst, dry tongue
Hypernatremia Treatment - ANS ✓Sodium restriction
Encourage free water intake
IV fluid: hypotonic fluids D5W (Na free) or 0.45NS
Diet: Avoid processed/canned foods
Hyponatremia Causes - ANS ✓GI losses
Edema
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Diuretics
Skin losses
SIADH
Hyperglycemia
Signs and Symptoms Hyponatremia - ANS ✓CV:
Heart rate and BP respond to changes in fluid volume
*Neuro:
Apprehension, confusion, fatigue, HA, seizures, coma
M/S:
Muscle cramps, twitching, weakness
GI:
N/V/D
Hyponatremia Treatment - ANS ✓Limit free water intake
IV fluids: 0.9NS
If severe hyponatremia may require infusion of 3%NaCl
Diet: add salt to food
Hyperkalemia Causes - ANS ✓Excess intake
Kidney failure
Salt substitutes
uncontrolled diabetes
Signs and Symptoms of hyperkalemia - ANS ✓*CV:
Dysrhythmias, irregular HR, cardiac arrest
Neuro:
Paresthesia
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