ATP - answer✔(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their
work.
potential energy extracted from food, energy stored in bonds of ATP -> outermost phosphate is
released (uses ATPase)
ADP forms when ___ joins with ____ - answer✔ATP; H2O
Phosphocreatine (PCr) system - answer✔anaerobic resynthesis of ATP, uses creatine kinase
(CK).
ADP is phosphorylated to ATP (high levels of ADP is favored)
~10 sec max yield
adenylate kinase - answer✔assists in ATP regeneration
2 ADP -> ATP and AMP
cell store ____ more PCr than ATP - answer✔4-6x
creatine - answer✔___ may be phosphorylated back to PCr system
byproducts of PCr hydrolysis and adenylate kinase reaction - answer✔- Pi (inorganic phosphate)
- AMP
- ADP
byproducts of PCr and adenylate kinase stimulate: - answer✔- glycogenolysis/glycolysis
- oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis - answer✔intermediate energy system, anaerobic
~ 90 sec
relies solely on carbohydrates (CHO)
glycolysis occurs in - answer✔cytosol
glucose is cleaved into ____ in glycolysis - answer✔2 pyruvate molecules, which may convert to
lactate
transport of glucose into the sarcoplasm for use in glycolysis is dependent on _____ -
answer✔GLUT4 transporters
- responds to elevated insulin
- responds to physical activity INDEPENDENT of insulin
oxidative phosphorylation - answer✔comprised of Krebs (or TCA) cycle and the electron
transport chain. AEROBIC metabolism
- takes place in mitochondria
P/O ratio - answer✔ratio of phosphagen bonds formed to oxygen atoms consumed
Process of oxidative phosphorylation - answer✔passes electrons from oxidation of a fuel source
(CHO, fat, PRO) to NADH or FADH2, and finally to oxygen to produce ATP
- slow but high ATP yield
proton pump - answer✔used by oxidative phosphorylation, used to generate gradient
- chemiosmotic coupling joins ADP and Pi
- 50% efficiency of ETC
Krebs Cycle - answer✔continues oxidation of:
- CHO following glycolysis
- fatty acids following beta oxidation
- some amino acids following deamination
first step of Krebs cycle - answer✔entry of Acetyl-CoA (which is formed from pyruvate if
following glycolysis). IRREVERSIBLE reaction
primary function of Krebs cycle - answer✔to remove hydrogens and the energy associated with
those hydrogens from various substrates involved in the cycle
acetyl CoA then joins with ____ to form _____ - answer✔oxaloacetate; citrate
- no oxaloacetate, no aerobic metabolism
each turn of Krebs cycle produces - answer✔3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
____ and ____ can be used in the Krebs cycle after being converted to acetyl CoA -
answer✔triglycerides and proteins
Total energy transfer from glucose catabolism - answer✔36 ATP
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