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Freshman Year Biology Final Exam Study Guide
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An overview of the first semester of the course and all of the information covered on the final exam.
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Honors Biology Semester 1 Final Exam ReviewChapter 1: The Science of Biology
Compare and contrast the experimental to the control group in an experiment.
The control group of an experiment omits a variable in the experiment so a comparison can be
made, while the experimental groups are variations of this variable to deliver different sets of
data to the person conducting the experiment.
Compare the independent and dependent variable.
Independent: Located on the “x” axis, variable that the person conducting the experiment
controls, “I” change.
Dependent: Located on the “y” axis, variable that is affected by the independent variable, “data”.
List the steps of the scientific method.
1. Observation / state the problem
2. Form the hypothesis (educated guess, can be proven wrong)
3. Run a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis
4. Observe, measure, and record data (qualitative and quantitative)
5. Draw a conclusion (no bias)
6. Publish in order to repeat, review, and advance
What is the total magnification of a scope whose eyepiece is 10x and objective is 40x?
400x. Multiply the eyepiece and objective.
What is homeostasis? Provide an example.
Homeostasis a process in which an organism regulates their internal environment. Examples are
kidneys regulation amount of water and ions, diabetics who have issues regulating their sugar
levels, and regulation of oxygen levels. Thermoregulation is also a type of homeostasis.
What is thermoregulation?
Thermoregulation is a process in which an organism maintains its internal temperature. All
mammals thermoregulate. The hypothalamus controls the temperature of the body.
- When somebody is hot, skin capillaries dilate (expand), and allow blood flowing through
the body to release heat through the skin. Sweat glands release sweat, or hot water.
- When somebody is cold, skin capillaries constrict to conserve heat, and muscles shiver
(friction) to produce heat.
, Chapter 6: Chemistry in Biology
What is the pH range of acids and bases?
The range goes from one to fourteen. One is acidic (‘a’ = 1) and 14 is basic. The midpoint is 7,
where pH is said to be neutral or stable for organisms. Buffers are used to regulate sharp changes
in pH.
List and describe the characteristics of water.
1. Water is polar. This means it has two different partial charges: oxygen is partial negative,
and hydrogen is partial positive. Hydrogen bonds bind water molecules together.
2. Water has cohesion. This means water can stick to itself, which allows for surface
tension.
3. What has adhesion. This means water can stick to other molecules besides itself. This
allows for capillary action.
4. Water has a neutral pH. This means its pH is 7.
5. Water is a universal solvent. This means that water dissolves many different compounds,
and can help with animal digestion.
6. Water expands when it freezes, making ice less dense than air. This means that ice floats,
and insulates water animals below from the harsh climate. It also gives polar bears a
place to rest.
7. Water has a high specific heat. The means that water requires a lot of heat before the
temperature changes. This helps moderate Earth’s and organisms temperature.
Compare organic and inorganic compounds.
Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic compounds do not.
List the 4 main macromolecules and describe the function and structure of each.
Carbohydrates
Function: Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for living organisms.
Structure: Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. The
building blocks (monomers) of carbohydrates are monosaccharides. These
monosaccharides offer quick energy. Disaccharides are composed of two
monosaccharides, and also offer quick energy. Polysaccharides are the polymers of
carbohydrates, and are made of many monosaccharides joined together. Functions of
polysaccharides include to store energy and provide structural support.
Lipids: Fats
Function: Long term energy storage, insulation, protection
Structure: The molecule is made of lots of carbons and hydrogens but few oxygens. It is
made of one glycerol group and three fatty acid chains. Saturated fats have single bonds
and unsaturated fats have double bonds.
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