What is transcription and what is the mechanism that happens? - answer✔Transcription-
process of DNA being copied out into RNA
RNA polymerase binds to DNA, unwinds DNA, and forms single strand to serve as a template for
post-transcription
What is post-transcription and what does it do afterward? - answer✔Post-transcription is RNA
getting turned into mRNA
mRNA carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm to be translated for protein synthesis.
Where does transcription/post-transcription occur? - answer✔nucleus
What is translation? - answer✔when mRNA is translated into an amino acid chain
Where does translation occur? - answer✔cytoplasm
What is post-translation? - answer✔process of amino acid chains are modified into a mature
protein
What does tRNA and rRNA do in the post-translational process? - answer✔tRNA- transports
amino acids to ribosomes where proteins are synthesized
rRNA- provides enzymes for protein synthesis
How is Iodine a direct regulation of nutrient metabolism at the transcription level? -
answer✔Iodine stimulates the growth hormone
How is LDL receptor synthesis an indirect transcriptional regulation? - answer✔When
cholesterol goes down in the cell, it releases SRBP which goes to the DNA and increases
transcription and translation to synthesize the LDL receptors so that cholesterol uptake can
increase.
In an iron deficiency, how does transferrin receptor mRNA and Ferritin mRNA post-
transcriptionally regulate? - answer✔Transferrin receptor mRNA- is stabilized to increase
transferrin receptor synthesis
which blocks
Ferritin mRNA translation and ferritin synthesis
In an iron overload, how does transferrin receptor mRNA and Ferritin mRNA post-
transcriptionally regulate? - answer✔Transferrin receptor mRNA is not stabilized, so it is
degraded while ferritin mRNA is translated to increase ferritin synthesis
How is insulin regulated post-translationally? - answer✔In bovine proinsulin, amino acids are
removed during its translation to insulin
What is a genome? - answer✔genetic material within our cells containing complete set of
instructions to make an organism
Proper cell function is controlled by what 2 things? - answer✔1. Gene regulation
2. Enzyme regulation
How does a fertilized egg differentiate into different cell types? - answer✔Expression of genes
(on and off)
In bacteria gene transcription, what is the area of the DNA that forms all the enzymes needed
for synthesizing? - answer✔Operon
What is the main difference between eukaryotic and bacterial cells? - answer✔Eukaryotic cells
have several transcription factors
What does the repressor protein do? - answer✔Prevents attachment of RNA polymerase
Ex: High tryptophan in the cell makes repressor protein active and blocks its synthesis
What does the activator protein do? - answer✔Helps RNA polymerase bind to DNA which,
initiates transcription
Ex: turns on to synthesize enzymes to degrade sugars other than glucose
What is epigenetics? - answer✔Phenotypic trait variations caused by external or environmental
factors that switch genes on and off, not being caused by changes in the DNA sequence. Often
occurs from addition or removal of methyl groups or chromatin modification.
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