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FRESENIUS EXAM (END OF TRAINING) END OF 12 WEEKS OF TRAINING
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FRESENIUS EXAM (END OF TRAINING) END OF 12 WEEKS OF TRAINING
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FRESENIUS EXAM (END OF TRAINING) ENDOF 12 WEEKS OF TRAINING
What are the anatomical structures in ORDER of urine flow? Answer - 2
Kidneys
2 Ureters
1 Urethra
1 Bladder
What is a nephron? Answer - It is a tubular structure that filters blood to form
urine.
What is the functional unit of the Kidney? Answer - nephron
What is the nephron composed of? Answer - glomerulus (tangled cluster of
capillaries surrounded by the Bowmans Capsule)
7 Functions of the kidney Answer - A- acid/base balance maintenance
W- water balance maintenance
E- Electrolyte balance
T- Toxin removal
B- Blood pressure regulation
E- Erythropoietin production
,D- Vitamin D metabolism
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? Answer - •Remove waste products
•Regulate(Synthesis): Fluid balance, electrolytes, and acid base balance
•Endocrine/Enzyme: secrete erythropoietin (stimulates bone marrow) and
Releases Renin (when released increases blood pressure)
What is GFR (glomerular filtration rate), & How many stages? Answer - •GFR
describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney
•5 Stages (ranging from 1 being healthy to 5 being the worst)
What are the types of Kidney failure? Answer - •ARF (Acute renal failure)
•AKI (Acute kidney injury)
•CRF(Chronic renal failure)
What are the stages of Kidney failure? (Based on the types) Answer -
•ARF(acute renal failure): sudden onset , usually reversible
•AKI (acute kidney injury)
•CRF (chronic kidney failure): slow onset, progressive, permanent
What is polycystic kidney disease (PKD)? Answer - Inherited defect leading to
bilateral enlarged kidneys with cysts
, What are the signs and symptoms of Renal failure? Answer - •signs: anemia ,
fluid overload, SOB, edema, hypertension, proteinuria (protein found in urine),
yellow-gray appearance of the skin.
•Symptoms: lethargic, weakness, headache, itching, fatigue, nausea,
restlessness, mental status change, loss of appetite
What is anemia?
Signs and symptoms Answer - •anemia: a decrease in the oxygen-carrying
ability of the blood
•signs and symptoms: fatigue, decreased energy levels, SOB
Which functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? Answer -
•Removal of waste products
•Regulation of fluid.
What are the three types of treatments for End of stage renal disease? Answer
- 1: hemodialysis: uses an access to draw blood, sends it to the dialyzer then
into the semipermeable membrane where diffusion removes the waste
through filtration and ultrafiltration removes the fluid.
2: peritoneal dialysis: 2 types both use a permanently placed catheter in the
patient's peritoneal cavity.
3: Transplantation: a working kidney surgically implanted
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