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SSFT test one Questions and Answers 100% Solved
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Exam of 25 pages for the course SSFT at SSFT (SSFT test one)
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SSFT test onethe Draper-White thesis/conflict thesis/warfare model - answer Christianity had a long
history of opposing scientific progress in the interest of dogmatic theology
began a movement that sought science over religion, improperly juxtaposing the two
Andrew Dickson White - answer A history of the welfare of science with theology in
Christendom, 1896
wanted to attack what he found to be reactionary ideas within the American religious
community
John William Draper - answer(History of the conflict between religeon and science,
1874)
a trained scientist and anti-Cathoic. his motivation was his hatred for Catholicism rather
than to religeon as a whole. He wrote in response to the First Vatican Counsil and the
doctrine of papal infallibility which he thought goes against modern thought
essentialist approach - answerThe view that categorization is based on a person's
general idea or explanation of the essence of a particular concept
this is the issue with pitting "science" and "religeon" against one another in the conflict
thesis, harmony and separate spheres theses
etymology of science and religeon - answervery broad terms that mean different things
depending on historical and geographical context
science and religeon were neither coined until the 1600s at there current meaning
scientia - answera carefully developed habit of mind related to logical demonstration
and problem solving tied to moral intelligence
religio - answerinterior acts of devotion and prayer and secondarily to behaviors that
grew out of those inner motivations
science v religeon as modern western story - answerthere is no conflict theory outside
of the modern west because of the contextualization of the terms. It is still problematic
to call Buddhism or Confucianism religeon because the word religeon connotates
Judeo-Christian ideas, etc. This leads to a different interaction for Eastern faith
practices with the conflict theory, as it validates their religeon and puts down Christianity
cases where conflict was the outlyer - answer1) Galileo -> the church was at war with
Protestants and did not have the space to fluxuate doctrine, plus he did not have hard
evidence
2) Scopes trial-> there were political issues in America dealing with the reform of the
public school curriculum
,in these cases, there were a complicated array of factors that added motivations for
those who pushed the conflict. most often the conflict arose because of these factors
and not the content of the argument.
two transformations which led to essentialism and conflict - answer1) scientist began to
see themselves as a distinct group, and they began separating their "science
profession" from their personal religeon
2) the privatization of religeon
both factors encouraged people to think about science and religeon in separate spheres
other countries responses to the Draper-White thesis - answerall had personal political
motivations
England wanted to secularize British scientific institutions to open them up to non
Anglicans
Italy was transitioning the status of Rome from a papal state to a city
the US was debating over public school criteria
harmony thesis - answerin response to conflict thesis, many apologists turned it on its
head, still using these universal models. now saying that religeon helped drive scientific
advancement
separate-spheres model - answerresponse to conflict theory
way of describing relationship between science and religeon as strictly two different
kinds of activities with different goals and outlooks
non-overlapping magisteria NOMA
Robert K. Merton - answerwrote Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-
Century England -> turning point in historical acceptance of complexity in the
relationship between science and religeon
social constructionism - answernew approach to science
Thomas Kuhn writes that the fundamental changes in scientific theories occurred
through gestalt shifts in the way that communities of scientist perceived central
problems of their field
we must treat accepted and rejected knowledge symmetrically
we need to understand the contextual influences on scientists, deprivileging rationality
Ian Barbour's four categories (typologies) of possible interaction between science and
religeon - answerconflict, integration, independence and dialogue
who do Edward Grant and Craig Martin deem to be the primary force in shaping early
thought on natural science - answerAristotle, the Greek philosopher
, Aristotelianism - answerlong after the death of Aristotle, many still held to his ideas and
wrote commentaries on his thought. early on, Islam, Judaism and Christianity accepted
the teachings of Aristotle
Dominant from 1200-1650
A comprehensive body of secular learning
Aristotle's (384-322 B.C.) philosophy
Aristotle's theology
how did Aristotle see the purpose of natural philosophy? - answerto gain a better
understanding of the divine and become more like God
he said that all of nature is divine
what are Aristotle's main views that contradict with Christianity? - answer1) the world is
eternal with no beginning or end (meaning it is not created)
2) God is unaware of the earth's existence, and only spends His time thinking of Himself
3) God is the unmoved mover whom causes the orbs and heavens to possess eternal
circular motion
4) except for the active intellect which is immortal, the soul perishes with the body
5) the soul can be seperated from the body
6) determinism and naturalism
Aristotle's three levels of soul - answer1) the nutritive or vegetative soul - plants and
animals, soul concerned with growth and nutrition necessary for survival
2) the sensitive soul - in animals overseeing motion, desire and perception
3) the rational or intellective soul - in humans concerned with understanding
three most influential Islamic commentators on Aristotle - answer1) al-Kindi
2) al-Farabi
3) Averroes
Aristotle and universities - answerfrom 13th to 16th century Aristotle's ideas were the
basis of the curriculum in the baccalaureate and master of arts degrees
Christianity and Aristotle - answer1) Christians in the first six centuries believed that
understanding natural philosophy deepens theology
2) theologians in Paris began seeing issues with Aristotle's thought, and by the
instruction of Pope John XXI, Tempier condemned 219 articles in 1277
3) a few decades into the 1300s most Christians continued to study Aristotle, and
Thomas Aquinas based his theological study on Aristotle's principles, thus combining
Catholic dogma with his philosophy
4) Renaissance humanists rejected Aristotelianism
5) 16th and 17th centuries, opposition to Aristotialism became widespread
6) during middle ages, scholars reshaped and supplemented Aristotle's methods and
insights into a more accurate natural philosophy, and coined new terms that helped
secure a baseline for scientific study
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