Internal validity - answer✔The confidence that an experimental treatment or condition made a
difference and that rival explanations were systematically ruled out through study design and
control.
External validity - answer✔The ability to generalize the findings from a research study to other
populations, places, and situations.
Naturalistic observations - answer✔Participants don't know they're being observed have the
highest external validity
Dependent variable - answer✔The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the
research is interested.
Independent variable - answer✔The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable
whose effect is being studied.
What are methods used to minimize threats to internal validity? -
answer✔Measurement/observation
use of appropriate design
control of bias
statistical analysis
Maturation effect - answer✔Changes occurring in subjects over time - can cause problems in
longitudinal studies
A threat to internal validity because the changes that occur in subjects do not happen as a
result of the intervention, but rather because time has passed
Hawthorne effect - answer✔A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of
being studied
Type I error - answer✔Often called alpha (α) and referred to as the level of significance; the
researcher erroneously draws a conclusion that the intervention had an effect.
Type II error - answer✔Often called beta (β) and related to the power of a statistical test; the
researcher erroneously draws a conclusion that the intervention had no effect.
Triangulation - answer✔is the researcher's use of multiple sources to confirm a finding
A means of enhancing credibility by cross-checking information and conclusions, using multiple
data sources, using multiple research methods or researchers to study the phenomenon, or
using multiple theories and perspectives to help interpret the data.
Member checking - answer✔A method of ensuring validity by having participants review and
comment on the accuracy of transcripts, interpretations, or conclusions.
Validity - answer✔The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure
Reliability - answer✔
Three phases of research design - answer✔
Cross sectional - answer✔A study conducted by examining a single phenomenon across
multiple populations at a single point in time with no intent for follow-up in the design.
ex. What are the differences in job satisfaction among nurses at different stages of their
careers?
Attrition - answer✔A threat to internal validity resulting from loss of subjects during a study.
quasi-experimental design - answer✔An experiment that does not require random assignment
to conditions.
What should the design of a research study outline? - answer✔
Correlation research study? - answer✔Used to analyze relationship between two or more
variables
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