EOSC 210 Midterm 2 Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers
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Course
EOSC 210
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EOSC 210
EOSC 210 Midterm 2 Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers
What are glacial-fluvial sediments? - Answer- - mostly sand and gravel w/ moderate sorting and bedding
- commonly non-cohesive and highly permeable
- good bearing capacity and low settlement
- the best sources of groundwater in the ...
EOSC 210 Midterm 2 Exam
Questions with 100%
Correct Answers
What are glacial-fluvial sediments? - Answer- - mostly sand and gravel w/ moderate
sorting and bedding
- commonly non-cohesive and highly permeable
- good bearing capacity and low settlement
- the best sources of groundwater in the Vancouver area are glacial-fluvial sediemts
(tills are much weaker)
What are glacial-lacustrine sediments? - Answer- - generally have more silt and clays
- lower bearing capacity and higher settlements
(i.e. the are compressible materials with low shear strength)
What is the source contaminant remediation called "dig and dump"? - Answer- - digging
out contaminated soil from the location of contamination and dumping it off in a landfill
or other locations (e.g. a depression) where the contaminated soil is not considered a
hazard to human and ecological health
What are some of the issues of removing by pumping? (hint: contamination) - Answer- -
very difficult
- only partially successful
- always residual left behind
- typically yield large volumes of contaminated water that requires treatment
What is soil vapor extraction? - Answer- - apply a vacuum and extract air and
contaminant vapour from soil
- extracts vapors from the soil above the water table by applying a vacuum to pull the
vapors out
What is air sparging? - Answer- - pumps air underground to help extract vapors from
groundwater and wet soil found beneath the water table
How to treat plumes? - Answer- Pump and Treat System
,- install pumping well in path of groundwater plume
- withdraw contaminated water
- treat (remediate) contaminated water at surface
Permeable Reactive Barriers
- reactive material installed in path of groundwater plume
- groundwater treatment occurs subsurface (in-situ)
What are some remediation challenges? - Answer- 1. Finding contaminants
2. removing contaminants
Talk about the forces at convergent plate boundaries - Answer- - forces in compression
- cause teh shortening of the rock layers through folding (ductile) and faulting (brittle)
Note the material influences how the compression impacts the plate
(compression leads to horizontal shortening/vertical lengthening)
Talk about the forces at divergent plate boundaries - Answer- - forces in tension
- causes the material to lengthen
- causes faulting
(extensional leads to horizontal lengthening/vertical shortening)
Describe the terms stress and strain - Answer- Stress - the force applied over a unit
area
Strain - how that force manifests itself in the rock
What is shear? - Answer- - crustal rocks are pushed in opposite directions (leading to
rocks breaking into sub-parallel blocks)
What is the elastic limit? - Answer- - rock has an elestic limit (yield point), beyond which
strain will not be recoverd (i.e. some of the strain/deformation is plastic and therefore
permanent)
Plastic region
- barreling (for ductile material) --> can see lots of deformation before failure
- breaking/fractures (for brittle material) --> saw no deformation, failed suddenly
- folding (ductile)
- faulting (brittle)
Brittle or ductile deformation depends on what factors? - Answer- - the kind of stress
that is applied (compression, tension, shear)
- amount of stress
, - temperature
- the lithology of the material bein deformed (strength)
- length of time the rock is subjected to the stress (strain rate)
- confining pressure (depth)
Describe how rock behaves in the lithosphere vs the asthenosphere? - Answer- litho
- behave like a brittle material
astheno
- behave like a ductile material
- rock display increasingly ductile behavior with increasing depth (increasing temp. and
pressure)
Where is the transitions zone between brittle and ductile behavior? - Answer- 6-15 km
deep depending on the lithology and the amount of fluid present
What is folding? - Answer- - a type fo deformation event resulting from the horizontal
compression or rock layers by internal forces of the earth along plate boundaries
- plastic-ductile deformation
- no breaking; rock layers remain intact
- occurs over millions of year s
What is an anticline? (folding) - Answer- - a fold that resembles an arch like structure
with the rock beds (or limbs) dipping away from the centre of the structure
- olderst rock units are in the middle
- anticlines tend to trap oil and gas
What is a sincline? (folding) - Answer- - a fold that resembles a trough where the rock
layers are warped downward dipping into the centre of the structure
- the youngest rocks are in the middle
Describe fold morphology - Answer- - anticlines and sinclines occur in pairs
- adjacent folds share a limb
- greater pressure results in anticlines and synclines that are inclined and asymmetrical
What is a recumbent fold? - Answer- A fold where the axial plane is essentially
horizontal
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