POLS 1503 - GLOBALIZATION - STUDY FOR EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
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POLS 1503 - GLOBALIZATION - STUDY FOR EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Globalization is a process of integration of people, companies, and nations, which is driven by which of the following three influences:
International trade, investment, and information technol...
characteristics, myoglobin
oxygen storage; monomeric; heart & skeletal muscle; 1 oxygen molecule
characteristics, hemoglobin
oxygen transport; tetrameric; erythrocyte; 4 oxygen molecule
sickle-cell disease
mutation in Hb beta chain; polymerization of hemoglobin when not bound to oxygen
hydroxyurea
sickle-cell disease treatment; promotes fetal hemoglobin production & inhibits HbS
polymerization
Fe2+
ferrous iron; can bind oxygen
Fe3+
ferric iron; cannot bind oxygen
"MetHb is ___ in binding oxygen."
not active
saturation curve, myoglobin
hyperbolic; higher affinity for oxygen
saturation curve, hemoglobin
sigmoidal; lower affinity for oxygen
"Cooperative binding of an oxygen molecule at one subunit ___ the oxygen
affinity of the remaining subunits in the same Hb tetramer."
increases
T state, hemoglobin
deoxy Hb; low affinity for oxygen; in tissues
R state, hemoglobin
oxy Hb; high affinity for oxygen; in lungs
T to R state, hemoglobin
in lungs; oxygen uptake
R to T state, hemoglobin
in tissues; oxygen release
"Only proteins with ___ structure can be allosterically regulated."
quaternary
"Allosteric proteins have a ___ ligand-binding curve."
sigmoidal
negative allosteric effectors, hemoglobin
decrease oxygen affinity/oxygen release; right-shift; increased temperature, acidic pH,
carbon dioxide & 2,3-BPG
positive allosteric effectors, hemoglobin
increase oxygen affinity/oxygen uptake; left-shift; carbon monoxide, oxygen
carbon dioxide, T state
affects alpha chain
2,3-BPG, T state
, affects beta chain
"Elevated 2,3-BPG levels are present at ___ altitudes."
high
"2,3-BPG ___ fetal Hb's affinity but ___ adult Hb's affinity for oxygen."
increases; decreases
general trends, erythropoiesis
decreasing nucleus & cell size; extrusion of pyknotic nucleus; increased Hb synthesis
lifespan, erythropoiesis
produced in bone marrow; circulates for 120 days; destroyed in spleen
"Premature release of reticulocytes occurs in response to ___."
anemia
reticulocyte maturation
72 hrs; 48 in bone marrow & 24 in circulation
erythropoietin release
when low oxygen detected by kidneys; stimulates RBC production in bone marrow
erythropoietin effects
increased BFU-E, CFU-E, Hb synthesis, Fe absorption, erythroid differentiation,
reticulocytosis
RBC, red blood cell indices
number of erythrocytes
HGB, red blood cell indices
concentration of hemoglobin
HCT, red blood cell indices
% volume of RBC in whole blood
MCV, corpuscular indices
volume of circulating erythrocytes; (HCT/RBC)10
normocytic vs. microcytic vs. macrocytic erythrocytes
80-100; less than 80; more than 100 fL
MCH, corpuscular indices
avg. amt hemoglobin in erythrocyte; (HGB/RBC)100
MCHC, corpuscular indices
avg. concentration hemoglobin in erythrocyte; (MCH/MCV)100
normochromic vs. hypochromic erythrocytes
31-37% vs. less than 31%
"RDW is ___ in anisocytosis and elevated in individuals with ___ and ___."
increased; alcoholism; nutritional deficiency anemia
low CR, anemia
decreased erythropoiesis
elevated CR, anemia
premature RBC destruction
low CR + low MCV, anemia
microcytic cells; impaired HGB synthesis; iron deficiency
low CR + high MCV, anemia
macrocytic cells; limited DNA synthesis; folate/vit. B12 deficiency
marasmus
deficient in calories & all nutrients; normal albumin levels
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