Summary
Summary Brain Diseases
- Course
- Institution
Extensive summary of all exam material of the course Brain Diseases (Minor Brain and Cognition).
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
VeravanderNulft
Content preview
Summary Brain DiseasesLecture 1 – Affective Disorders (Depression & Bipolar Disorder)
Psychiatric disorders
• Psychiatric disorders:
- Cognitive disorders
- Psychotic disorders
- Affective disorders
- Anxiety disorders
- Addictive disorders
- Eating disorders
- Developmental disorders
- Personality disorders
• Diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM):
- Axis 1: Psychiatric diseases
- Axis 2: Personality disorder
- Axis 3: Somatic diseases
- Axis 4: Psychosocial stress factors
- Axis 5: Level psychosocial functioning
• Percentage of Dutch people that suffer from psychiatric diseases:
- 1/4 (25%) suffers from a psychiatric disorder ever in life
- Psychiatric disorders cause significant distress and impairment in social,
occupational or other important areas of functioning
• Burden of psychiatric disorders (EU):
• Central to the symptomatology of affective disorders are disturbances in the regulation of
specific emotions, but also cognitions, leading to disturbed behavior, usually precipitated by
stressful life-events
• Current neuroanatomical models for the pathophysiology of affective disorders emphasize
the role of disturbances in brain circuits involved in emotion and stress regulation
, → From a neurobiological perspective, all treatments are thought to eventually lead to
changes in these brain circuits
• Difference between psychiatrist and psychologist:
- Psychiatrist:
▪ Is a medical doctor
▪ Diagnosing psychiatric diseases
▪ Treating psychiatric diseases
- Psychologist:
▪ Studied psychology
▪ Helps with problems in daily life
▪ Strengthen resilience and normal development
▪ Does part of treatment of psychiatric diseases
• Affective disorders:
- Depression:
▪ Mild
▪ Moderate/severe
▪ Psychotic
- Bipolar disorder (depression + mania):
▪ Bipolar I & II
▪ Rapid cycling
Unipolar depression:
• Symptoms:
- Key symptoms:
▪ Depressed mood
▪ Loss of interest or pleasure
- Psychological symptoms:
▪ Difficulties to think or concentrate
▪ Anxiety, panic
▪ Indecisiveness
▪ Feeling hopeless
▪ Feelings of guilt
▪ Recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation
▪ Feelings of worthlessness
▪ Delusions, hallucinations
- Physical symptoms:
▪ Sleep disturbances
▪ Less appetite, weight loss
▪ Loss of libido
▪ Pain
▪ Restlessness, inhibition
▪ Fatigue
• Recognizing depression in yourself:
- Difficulty to enjoy
- Worrying
- Depressed mood
, - Overstrained
- Being emotional, crying easily
- Everything is difficult, difficulty deciding
- Diminished concentration
- Sleeping difficulties, less libido
- Recurrent thoughts of death
• Recognizing depression in another person:
- Less interested
- Withdrawing from activities or emotionally
- Difficult to have contacts
- Wants nothing, does nothing
- Is edged up
- Whining
- Sleeping difficulties
• Prevalence:
- Netherlands: 500.000 – 800.000 people
- Now 4th on the list of chronic diseases (costs and invalidity) (WHO)
- In 2020 1:6 had a depression ever in their life
- Women > men
• Impact:
- Negative influence on functioning (work, relations)
- Risk on suicide
- Higher risk on a relapse of the depression
- Higher risk on somatic diseases (heart, cancer)
- Higher risk on psychiatric comorbidity
→ Anxiety disorders, addiction, personality disorders
- High societal costs
→ Medial: 388 million euros
→ Loss of production: 2,1 billion euros
- Loss of quality of life
→ 113.000 lost life years (more than e.g. diabetes, rheumatism)
• Suicide (attempts/considerations) each year:
- In EU 58.000 persons die because of suicide
, - Is in top 10 of causes of death
• Causes:
• Neurobiology of depression (imaging studies):
- Reduced volume of PFC, basal ganglia and hippocampus
▪ Serotonergic system dysfunctions
▪ HPA-axis
- Hyperreactivity and over time a reduced activity (exhaustion):
▪ Reduced BDNF
▪ Dysfunctions immune system
• Treatment:
- Basic interventions:
▪ 1. Psychoeducation
▪ 2. Active follow-up
▪ 3. Structuring daily activities
- Step 1 interventions:
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller VeravanderNulft. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.25. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67096 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now