Compiled MMC (Merchant Mariner Credential) Final Exams- Questions and Answers [100% Correct] 2025 Latest Release!!
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Compiled MMC (Merchant Mariner
Credential) Final Exams- Questions and
Answers [100% Correct] 2025 Latest
Release!!
Distinguish between a population and a sample
A population includes everyone relevant to a study, while a sample is a smaller, selected subset of
that population.
Why a...
Compiled MMC (Merchant Mariner
Credential) Final Exams- Questions and
Answers [100% Correct] 2025 Latest
Release!!
Distinguish between a population and a sample
A population includes everyone relevant to a study, while a sample is a smaller, selected subset of
that population.
Why are samples taken in research?
To create a group that reflects the broader population's characteristics for accurate
representation.
How do probability and non-probability sampling differ?
-Probability sampling uses random selection, giving every individual an equal chance of selection,
and supports generalization from the sample to the population.
-Non-probability sampling involves selective criteria, so not everyone has an equal chance of inclusion.
What is meant by a sampling frame?
It is a list or set of items or individuals that can be chosen for a survey or study (e.g., a list of
county-registered voters).
Define the term "universe" in research.
-Defines the limits of the study's focus
-Includes the topic area, time period, and source boundaries through operational definitions.
Identify the types of non-probability samples.
-Convenience samples: Readily available participants (e.g., mall surveys)
-Purposive samples: Participants selected for specific traits or relevance (e.g., focus groups)
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,-Quota samples: Selection mirrors certain demographics or quotas (e.g., 40% male respondents)
-Snowball samples: New participants are recruited through referrals.
List the different types of probability samples.
-Simple Random Sampling
-Systematic Random Sampling
-Stratified Random Sampling
-Single or Multi-stage Sampling
What characterizes a Simple Random Sample?
A method where each individual has an equal chance of being selected, often using tools like
random number generators to choose from a defined list.
Describe random sampling.
Ensures all individuals in a group have an equal probability of selection, minimizing researcher
bias and supporting population generalization.
Explain single and multi-stage sampling.
Single-stage sampling involves data collection at one point in time (cross-sectional). Multi-stage
includes repeated measures, such as:
-Trend studies with different individuals from a population over time.
-Panel studies with the same individuals over a period.
What is systematic random sampling?
Selecting every nth item from a list, with a predetermined interval, although it may be biased by
periodicity.
Explain stratified random sampling.
Participants are chosen to reflect proportions in the population, with randomness maintained
throughout the process.
2
,Define standard error.
It measures the average deviation of sample values from the population, diminishing as the
sample size increases.
What is the role of standard error?
Helps establish a confidence interval, predicting potential differences between the sample mean
and population mean based on sample size and variability.
What is sampling error?
The potential difference between the sample's characteristics and the actual population, typically
estimated statistically for probability samples.
What does sampling error reflect?
It shows how sample data might differ from the true population data, often framed as a "margin
of error."
Describe the central limit theorem.
States that for sufficiently large sample sizes, the distribution of sample means approximates a
normal distribution, regardless of the original data's distribution.
Define the law of large numbers.
Indicates that smaller samples less accurately represent the broader population parameters.
What is a confidence level?
Represents the probability that a sample statistic reflects the true population value, often set at
95% in social science research.
What is a confidence interval?
A range that captures the true population value with a specified level of confidence (e.g., 95%
confidence ±5%).
3
, Why is appropriate sampling essential in research?
To ensure that the study results are accurate, representative, and can be generalized to the entire
population.
Define content analysis.
A systematic and objective approach to analyzing communication for quantifiable measurement
of variables.
What does content analysis examine?
The content of messages.
How does probability sampling differ most from non-probability sampling?
Data from non-probability samples cannot be generalized to a larger population.
Give examples of non-probability samples.
-Purposive samples
-Quota samples
-Volunteer samples
What is an advantage of simple random sampling?
It enables generalization from sample findings to a broader population.
Which sampling method is most associated with a sampling interval?
Systematic random sampling.
How does increasing sample size affect standard error?
It decreases the standard error.
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