SOP 3015 Midterm Questions And Answers With
Verified Solutions
Innate Purity (Rousseau) ANS Children are seen as active and born with an intuitive sense of
right and wrong.
Original Sin (Hobbes) ANS Children are seen as passive and inherently selfish and must be
controlled.
Tabula Rasa/Blank Slate (Locke) ANS Children seen as passive and neither inherently good nor
evil, but molded by their life experiences.
Cohort Effect ANS Difference among groups that is attribute to cultural/historical differences in
cohorts growing up experiences rather than to true developmental change.
Trust v. Mistrust ANS Feeding.
Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt ANS Toilet training.
Initiative v. Guilt ANS Independence.
Industry v. Inferiority ANS School.
Identity v. Role confusion ANS Peer relationships.
Social Learning Theory ANS Change is qualitative and depends on learning, due to interactions
of the person, modeled behavior, and social environment.
Reciprocal Determinism ANS An interaction among an "active" person, the person's behavior,
and the environment.
,Interviews & Questionnaire Strengths ANS Generates large amount of data in short time frame.
Interviews & Questionnaire Limitations ANS Can't be used with very young children. Social
desirability and possible lies.
Naturalistic Observation Strengths ANS Can be easily used with infants and toddlers. Yields
information about how people actually behave.
Naturalistic Observation Limitations ANS Some behaviors occur infrequently. Inappropriate
behavior is less likely to be observed. Too many events might be occurring at the same time.
Structured Observation Strengths ANS Good observing behaviors that occur infrequently or are
inappropriate. Structured and standardized across participants.
Structured Observation Limitations ANS Participants may not act similarly in a lab when
compared to their everyday setting.
Criticisms of Erikson's Theory ANS Vague about the causes of development. A descriptive
overview of social and emotional development.
Criticisms of the Social Learning Theory ANS Oversimplified account of social and personality
development. Downplay biological influences. Doesn't pay enough attention to cognition.
Assimilation ANS Occurs when a child interprets new experiences by incorporating them into
their existing schemes
Accommodation ANS Process by which children modify their existing schemes in order to
incorporate or adapt new experiences.
, Disequilibrium ANS Imbalances or contradictions between one's thought processes and
environmental events.
Sensorimotor Stage ANS Learning through five senses, innate reflexes, imitation, object
permanence, and goal directed actions.
Preoperational Stage ANS Theory of Mind, Symbolism and pretend play, language development,
centration, difficultly with conservation, and egocentrism.
Centration ANS Inability to focus on more than one aspect of a problem.
Operational Stage ANS Decentration/ Compensation, reversibility, classification, seriation.
Seriation ANS Order stimuli along a quantifiable dimension.
Formal Operational Stage ANS Scientific reasoning, hypothetical and deductive reasoning,
adolescent egocentrism and imaginary audience.
Criticisms of Piaget's Theory ANS Underestimated child developmental capacities. Development
is not as consistent. Very small sample and lacking in diversity variables.
Ethology ANS Scientific study of the evolutionary basis of behavior and how that behavior
contributes to the species survival and development.
Criticisms of Ethology ANS Not falsifiable, retrospective, predictions and conclusions differ
from actual behavior, and prone to cultural bias.
Epigentics ANS The development and maintenance of an organism is orchestrated by a set of
chemical reactions that switch parts of the genome off and on at strategic times and locations.
Verified Solutions
Innate Purity (Rousseau) ANS Children are seen as active and born with an intuitive sense of
right and wrong.
Original Sin (Hobbes) ANS Children are seen as passive and inherently selfish and must be
controlled.
Tabula Rasa/Blank Slate (Locke) ANS Children seen as passive and neither inherently good nor
evil, but molded by their life experiences.
Cohort Effect ANS Difference among groups that is attribute to cultural/historical differences in
cohorts growing up experiences rather than to true developmental change.
Trust v. Mistrust ANS Feeding.
Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt ANS Toilet training.
Initiative v. Guilt ANS Independence.
Industry v. Inferiority ANS School.
Identity v. Role confusion ANS Peer relationships.
Social Learning Theory ANS Change is qualitative and depends on learning, due to interactions
of the person, modeled behavior, and social environment.
Reciprocal Determinism ANS An interaction among an "active" person, the person's behavior,
and the environment.
,Interviews & Questionnaire Strengths ANS Generates large amount of data in short time frame.
Interviews & Questionnaire Limitations ANS Can't be used with very young children. Social
desirability and possible lies.
Naturalistic Observation Strengths ANS Can be easily used with infants and toddlers. Yields
information about how people actually behave.
Naturalistic Observation Limitations ANS Some behaviors occur infrequently. Inappropriate
behavior is less likely to be observed. Too many events might be occurring at the same time.
Structured Observation Strengths ANS Good observing behaviors that occur infrequently or are
inappropriate. Structured and standardized across participants.
Structured Observation Limitations ANS Participants may not act similarly in a lab when
compared to their everyday setting.
Criticisms of Erikson's Theory ANS Vague about the causes of development. A descriptive
overview of social and emotional development.
Criticisms of the Social Learning Theory ANS Oversimplified account of social and personality
development. Downplay biological influences. Doesn't pay enough attention to cognition.
Assimilation ANS Occurs when a child interprets new experiences by incorporating them into
their existing schemes
Accommodation ANS Process by which children modify their existing schemes in order to
incorporate or adapt new experiences.
, Disequilibrium ANS Imbalances or contradictions between one's thought processes and
environmental events.
Sensorimotor Stage ANS Learning through five senses, innate reflexes, imitation, object
permanence, and goal directed actions.
Preoperational Stage ANS Theory of Mind, Symbolism and pretend play, language development,
centration, difficultly with conservation, and egocentrism.
Centration ANS Inability to focus on more than one aspect of a problem.
Operational Stage ANS Decentration/ Compensation, reversibility, classification, seriation.
Seriation ANS Order stimuli along a quantifiable dimension.
Formal Operational Stage ANS Scientific reasoning, hypothetical and deductive reasoning,
adolescent egocentrism and imaginary audience.
Criticisms of Piaget's Theory ANS Underestimated child developmental capacities. Development
is not as consistent. Very small sample and lacking in diversity variables.
Ethology ANS Scientific study of the evolutionary basis of behavior and how that behavior
contributes to the species survival and development.
Criticisms of Ethology ANS Not falsifiable, retrospective, predictions and conclusions differ
from actual behavior, and prone to cultural bias.
Epigentics ANS The development and maintenance of an organism is orchestrated by a set of
chemical reactions that switch parts of the genome off and on at strategic times and locations.
