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West Coast Emt Block 4 Exam prep Test, Questions, all Solved 100% Correct with Verified Answers
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West Coast Emt Block 4 Exam prep Test, Questions, all Solved 100% Correct with Verified Answers
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West Coast Emt Block 4 Exam prep Test,Questions, all Solved 100% Correct with Verified
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What happens to the body during the wound healing process? - ✔✔1. Healing of wounds is a
natural process that involves several overlapping stages, all directed toward the larger goal of
maintaining homeostasis (balance).
2. Cessation of bleeding is the primary concern.
a. Loss of blood hinders the provision of vital nutrients and oxygen to the affected area.
b. It also impairs the tissue's ability to eliminate wastes.
c. The end result is abnormal or absent function, which interferes with homeostasis.
3. The next wound healing stage is inflammation.
a. Additional cells move into the damaged area to begin repair.
b. White blood cells migrate to the area to combat pathogens that have invaded the exposed
tissue.
c. Lymphocytes destroy bacteria and other pathogens.
d. Mast cells release histamine.
e. Inflammation ultimately leads to removal of:
i. Foreign material
ii. Damaged cellular parts
iii. Invading microorganisms
4. To replace the area damaged in a soft-tissue injury, a new layer of cells must be moved into
this region.
a. Cells quickly multiply and redevelop across the edges of the wound.
b. Except in cases of clean incisions, the appearance of the restructured area seldom returns to
the preinjury state.
c. Despite the changed appearance, the function of the area may be restored to near normal.
,5. New blood vessels form as the body attempts to bring oxygen and nutrients to the injured
tissue.
a. New capillaries bud from intact capillaries that lie adjacent to the damaged skin.
b. These vessels provide a channel for oxygen and nutrients and serve as a pathway for waste
removal.
6. In the last stage of wound healing, collagen provides stability to the damaged tissue and joins
wound borders, thereby closing the open tissue.
a. Collagen is a tough, fibrous protein found in scar tissue, hair, bones, and connective tissue.
b. Collagen cannot restore the damaged tissue to its original
What happens when the tissue is injured - ✔✔1. Open injuries differ from closed injuries in
that the protective layer of the skin is damaged.
a. Can produce extensive bleeding
2. A break in the protective skin layer or mucous membrane means that the wound is
contaminated and may become infected.
a. Contamination: the presence of infectious organisms or foreign bodies, such as dirt, gravel,
or metal, in the wound
b. Address both excessive bleeding and contamination in your treatment of open soft-tissue
wounds.
c. Four types of open soft-tissue wounds:
i. Abrasions
ii. Lacerations
iii. Avulsions
iv. Penetrating wounds
3. An abrasion is a wound of the superficial layer of the skin, caused by friction when a body
part rubs or scrapes across a rough or hard surface.
a. An abrasion usually does not penetrate completely through the dermis, but blood may ooze
from the injured capillaries in the dermis.
i. Examples: road rash, road burn, strawberry, rug burn
b. Abrasions can be extremely painful because the nerve endings are located in this area.
,4. A laceration is a jagged cut caused by a sharp object or a blunt force that tears the tissue.
a. An incision is a sharp, smooth cut.
b. The depth of the injury can vary.
c. Lacerations and incisions may appear linear (regular) or stellate (irregular).
d. Lacerations or incisions that involve arteries or large veins may result in severe bleeding.
5. An avulsion separates various layers of soft tissue (usually between the subcutaneous layer
and fascia) so that they become either completely detached or hang as a flap.
a. Often there is significant bleeding.
b. Never remove an avulsion skin flap, regardless of its size.
c. An amputation is an injury in which part of the body is completely severed.
i. You can easily control the bleeding from some amputations, such as the fingers, with direct
pressure and pressure dressings.
ii. If
How long the brain, heart, skeletal muscle, intestines, lungs last without oxygen? - ✔✔1. The
brain and spinal cord may last 4 to 6 minutes without perfusion.
2. The lungs can survive only 15-20 minutes without perfusion.
3. Kidneys may survive 45 minutes.
4. Skeletal muscles may last 2-3 hours.
5. The gastrointestinal tract can tolerate slightly longer periods.
6. Heart can go 4 minutes without oxygen
7. Times are based on a normal body temperature (98.6°F [37.0°C]).
a. Colder temperatures will lengthen survival times.
How can we slow down the damage of lack of oxygen? - ✔✔Colder temperatures
Blood volume in an infant - ✔✔27oz (800mL)
, Signs and symptoms of GI bleeding - ✔✔a. Pain can be deceiving.
i. Often diffuse in nature
ii. May be referred to another body location
(a) Liver and spleen injuries refer pain to the shoulder.
iii. Tearing pain from the abdomen posteriorly may be dissected aneurysm.
iv. Pain following the angle from the lateral hip to the midline of the groin can be the result of
damage to the kidneys or the ureters.
v. Pain located in the RLQ can indicate an inflamed or ruptured appendix.
vi. Pain under the margin of the ribs on the right side or between the shoulder blades can
indicate an injury to the gallbladder.
b. Blood or fluid in the peritoneal cavity produces acute pain in the entire abdomen.
i. Pain spreads as the blood or contaminant seeks out the voids in the peritoneal cavity.
ii. Often a jarring motion (rebound tenderness or Blumberg sign) will alert the patient to the
peritonitis or inflammation of the peritoneum.
c. Determining the location of the pain or referred pain can be difficult when the patient has
voluntary or involuntary guarding.
i. Conscious or unintentional stiffening of the muscles of the surface of the abdomen to avoid
further pain
ii. May be mistaken for abdominal rigidity
d. Abdominal distention or swelling between the xiphoid process and the groin is often the
result of free fluid, blood, or organ contents spilling into the peritoneal cavity.
e. Additional signs of abdominal injury are bruising and discoloration.
f. Closed abdominal injuries may initially appear as abrasions.
bowl movement presentation- blood in stool or urine
what tools can we use to stop bleeding? - ✔✔· Direct pressure
· Bandages/dressings
· Ice packs
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