Advanced Pharmacology Final Questions
With Complete Solutions
What's the Mechanism of Action of Digoxin? Inhibit Na/K ATPase, deactivate Na/Ca
exchange, leaving more Ca inside the cell and increasing contractility (inotropic effect). The
overall mechanism of Increase Ca intracellular. A/E Hyperkalemia, arrhythmias
A patient comes in with an uncomplicated UTI, what medication should the APRN prescribe?
Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)
Nitrofurantoin(Macrobid), or
Fosfomycin,
Trimethoprim
Second line: _floxacin A/B.
Complicated(Fever, chills, flank pain, malaise)? Send urine culture and consider IV treatment.
What's Phenazopyridine(Pyridim) ? Iso-dye analgesic used to treat UTI, causes
discoloration of urine to red/orange
, Advanced Pharmacology Final Questions
With Complete Solutions
Patient with UTI and pregnant, what treatment would be safest? Amoxicillin as the first
line, although not all microorganisms are sensitive to it. Consider:
Cephalexin or Nitrofurantoin(Macrobid) if on 2nd/3rd trimester (before 38 weeks)
Bactrim except in the 1st and 3rd trimester.
What are the side effects of Amiodarone? Sodium channel blocker that can cause
pulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, hypo/hyperthyroidism, pneumonitis, corneal deposits,
neurologic effects, constipation, cardiovascular effects (decrease contractility and AV/SA node
function)
What are the side effects of Propylthiouracil? (PTU) ? What is used for symptom treatment?
BMS, hepatotoxicity, low WBC, hepatitis. Beta blockers are used for symptoms treatment.
What are the components of labeling dietary supplements? • Name
• Quantity of contents
• Ingredients and amounts
• FDA disclaimer
• Supplemental facts panel: serving size, amount, active ingredients
, Advanced Pharmacology Final Questions
With Complete Solutions
• Other ingredients
• Name and address of manufacturer, packer, distributor
• FDA is responsible for acting against any adulterated or misbranded dietary supplement
product after it reaches the market.
Does not need FDA approval to verify contents of dietary supplements.
What's the role of USP? Independently verify quality standards of dietary supplements.
Safety of Dietary Supplements • DSHEA—Dietary Supplement Health and Education
Act—passed in 1994, restricted the FDA's control over dietary supplements and defined herbal
products as dietary supplements, which are considered foods
• Manufacturers and distributors do not need FDA approval to sell their dietary supplements.
What are the indications for Cannabis ? Dronabinaol (chemo induced nausea and
vomiting cancer pain, HIV and AIDS stimulate appetite, enhance CNS depressants)
Epidiolex (seizure approved),
, Advanced Pharmacology Final Questions
With Complete Solutions
What are St. John's Wort significant interactions? Drug interactions: MAO inhibitors,
narcotics, digoxin, cyclosporine, amphetamines SSRIs, trazodone, tricyclic antidepressants, and
OTC cold and flu medicines
What are the effects of Omega-3 ? Decrease clotting but does not increase bleeding
(decrease platelet aggregation). Decrease inflammation, decrease levels of triglyceride. Adults
and children, most common supplement used
Action: promote the relaxation and contraction of muscles, blood clotting, digestion, cell
division, and the growth and movement of calcium and other substances in and out of cells;
decrease inflammation and platelet aggregation.
Uses and dosage: decrease triglyceride levels & slow the growth of atherosclerotic plaques
Adverse reactions: GI upset
Drug interactions: blood thinners, antidepressants
