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JMU BIO 150 Final Exam study guide test with complete solution
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JMU BIO 150 Final Exam study guide test with complete solution
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JMU BIO 150 Final Exam study guide testwith complete solution
Define biodiversity - ANS the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or in the
world as a whole)
Define genetic diversity - ANS the total genetic information contained within all individuals of
a species, population, or community
Why is genetic diversity important? - ANS provides the raw materials for adaptive change
Define adaptive change - ANS change in response to the environment's "natural selection:
Define species diversity - ANS the diversity of species present in a community
Why is species diversity important? - ANS species have a particular "role" in a system, so the
addition or loss of a species may have consequences for the entire system
How is species diversity measures? - ANS -species richness
-species abundance
Define species richness - ANS number of species in a community
Define species abundance - ANS The number of individuals of each species
Define ecosystem diversity - ANS measure of the variety of biotic components in a region
along with abiotic components
Why is ecosystem diversity important? - ANS ecosystem functioning is dependent on
interacting member organisms with their environment
Define system stability - ANS diverse systems are resilient after and resistant to disturbances
Define ecosystem productivity - ANS diverse systems have higher net primary productivity
Define ecosystem services - ANS direct and indirect benefits that humans derive from
organisms and ecosystems
Define existence value - ANS economic value of a system and our willingness to mitigate
biodiversity loss
,What are provisioning services? - ANS raw materials (food, fuel, fiber, medicine, genetic
resources)
What are regulating services? - ANS life support system (climate moderation, soil formation,
erosion control, water capture, flood control etc.)
Define ecosystem services - ANS all direct and indirect benefits that humans derive from
organisms and ecosystems
What are cultural services? - ANS cultural/intrinsic (aesthetics, recreation, education, spiritual
value, and physical/mental health)
What are supporting services? - ANS primary productivity, nutrient cycling, pollination, and
biological control
What are the primary threats to biodiversity? - ANS -habitat loss
-climate change
-invasive species
-overexploration
-pollution
What are characteristics of viruses? - ANS -very,very small
-not a cell
-can not reproduce independently
-does not contain ribosomes or generate ATP
What are characteristics of bacteria? - ANS -small but bigger than virus
-single cell
-reproduce independently
-contains chromosomes and generate ATP
What do beta-lactums do? - ANS break down cell wall
What do macrolides do? - ANS affect ribosomes
What does quinolines do? - ANS break down DNA and prevent repair
Define intrinsic resistance - ANS resistance naturally coded and expressed by a bacterial
species to a particular antibiotic
Define acquired resistance - ANS genetic change that leads to bacteria becoming resistant
to an antibiotic
, How did Plato address evolution? - ANS evolved as distinct different groups
How did Aristotle address evolution? - ANS scale (simple -> high)
How did Lamarck address evolution? - ANS organisms change in response over time
How did Darwin and Wallace address evolution? - ANS change through time from a common
ancestor
What did Darwin observe? - ANS different species are often similar, with slight variations in
theme
Define evolution - ANS change in the genetic composition of a population from one
generation to the next
Define pattern - ANS observed evolutionary change
Define process - ANS mechanisms that produce observed patterns of change
Define natural selection - ANS process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are
more likely to survive and reproduce than those without the trait
Define adapatation - ANS inherited trait that enhances the fitness of an individual in a given
environment
Define biological fitness - ANS the relative survival and reproduction of one variant compared
to others in the same population
Where does the variation that natural selection acts on come from? - ANS -sexual
reproduction/gene transfer
-random mutation in DNA that provides raw genetic material
Define vertical gene transfer - ANS occurs during reproduction between generations of cells
Define horizontal gene transfer - ANS process in which an organism incorporates genetic
materials from another without it being its offspring
Define plasmids - ANS about 20 special genes (found for antibiotics)
Define varation - ANS individuals in a population vary in their traits
Define inheritance - ANS some of the trait differences are inherited from the parents to
offspring
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