ATSC 231 Block 3 Exam Question and
answers correctly solved
What are the three hazards resulting from turbulence - correct answer ✔•
Loss of Control
• Airframe Damage
• Passenger Comfort/Safety
What is the type of aircraft operation in which turbulence produces the
greatest frequency of accidents - correct answer ✔part 121
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what percent of accidents overall are from
turbulence (annual trend)? - correct answer ✔38%
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what is the most common time of year? -
correct answer ✔July (during the summer with the most convection)
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what is the most common altitude? -
correct answer ✔30,000-35,000 feet
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what is the most common phase of flight? -
correct answer ✔En-route descent and cruise
What is the difference between Flight (or Limit) Load Factor and Design (or
Ultimate) Load Factor? - correct answer ✔Flight (limit) load factor: category
aircraft falls in
Normal is 3.8 Gs to -1.52
Utility is 4.4 to -1.76
,Acrobatic is 6.0 to -3.00
Design (ultimate) load factor: 1.5 greater than Flight Load Factor
(point at which plane breaks)
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what is the worst place within the airplane?
- correct answer ✔Back of the airplane (aft)
· Be able to identify the average annual number of injuries from turbulence -
correct answer ✔60 per year
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what are is the most common type of
person (passengers or flight attendants) - correct answer ✔Flight attendants
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what type of turblucence causes the most
accidents?
Clear air turbulence
mountain wave turbulence
wake turbulence
unknown turbulence
convective turbulence - correct answer ✔Convective turbulence
What factors determine the transition from laminar to turbulent flow - correct
answer ✔- Wind speed
- Surface Roughness
- Air Density
- Stability
,- Viscosity
- Other factors
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what is the most common place of injury on
the body? - correct answer ✔Lower extremity
What is the FAA definition of turbulence? - correct answer ✔Irregular
fluctuations occurring in fluid motions
What are two types of turbulent flow - correct answer ✔- Wave
- Eddies or Vortices
What is the aviation definition of turbulence? - correct answer ✔Irregular
motion of an aircraft in flight, especially when characterized by rapid up-and-
down motion, caused by a rapid variations of atmospheric wind velocities.
Which scale represents turbulent motions for aircraft - correct answer ✔•
Turbulence that affects aircraft occurs on the microscale
What are the factors that determine lift? - correct answer ✔- Coefficient of
Lift (CL )
- Air Density (r)
- Air Speed (V)
- Wing Area (S)
How does the coefficient of lift change with angle of attack? - correct answer
✔CL increases with AoA, until you stall at which point Cl decreases
, Define load factor - correct answer ✔- Ratio of the total air load acting on an
aircraft to the gross weight of the aircraft
What 3 factors affect load factor in turbulence - correct answer ✔- Strength
of gusts
- Airspeed
- Wing Loading
What are some characteristics of waves and eddies? - correct answer
✔Wave - Regular oscillation of wind
Eddies - Vortices embedded in the mean wind flow
How does airspeed affect load factor - correct answer ✔- Determines
additional lift force generated by gust
- Slower is better (goal is to stall before exceeding design characteristics)
The higher the airspeed the less the AOA changes with a vertical gust
How do vertical gusts affect load factor - correct answer ✔- Results in
• Change of relative wind
• Change in AOA
The stronger the gust compared to airspeed the more the AoA changes
Define wing loading - correct answer ✔- Ratio of weight of aircraft to wing
surface area
answers correctly solved
What are the three hazards resulting from turbulence - correct answer ✔•
Loss of Control
• Airframe Damage
• Passenger Comfort/Safety
What is the type of aircraft operation in which turbulence produces the
greatest frequency of accidents - correct answer ✔part 121
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what percent of accidents overall are from
turbulence (annual trend)? - correct answer ✔38%
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what is the most common time of year? -
correct answer ✔July (during the summer with the most convection)
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what is the most common altitude? -
correct answer ✔30,000-35,000 feet
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what is the most common phase of flight? -
correct answer ✔En-route descent and cruise
What is the difference between Flight (or Limit) Load Factor and Design (or
Ultimate) Load Factor? - correct answer ✔Flight (limit) load factor: category
aircraft falls in
Normal is 3.8 Gs to -1.52
Utility is 4.4 to -1.76
,Acrobatic is 6.0 to -3.00
Design (ultimate) load factor: 1.5 greater than Flight Load Factor
(point at which plane breaks)
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what is the worst place within the airplane?
- correct answer ✔Back of the airplane (aft)
· Be able to identify the average annual number of injuries from turbulence -
correct answer ✔60 per year
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what are is the most common type of
person (passengers or flight attendants) - correct answer ✔Flight attendants
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what type of turblucence causes the most
accidents?
Clear air turbulence
mountain wave turbulence
wake turbulence
unknown turbulence
convective turbulence - correct answer ✔Convective turbulence
What factors determine the transition from laminar to turbulent flow - correct
answer ✔- Wind speed
- Surface Roughness
- Air Density
- Stability
,- Viscosity
- Other factors
For part 121 turbulence accidents, what is the most common place of injury on
the body? - correct answer ✔Lower extremity
What is the FAA definition of turbulence? - correct answer ✔Irregular
fluctuations occurring in fluid motions
What are two types of turbulent flow - correct answer ✔- Wave
- Eddies or Vortices
What is the aviation definition of turbulence? - correct answer ✔Irregular
motion of an aircraft in flight, especially when characterized by rapid up-and-
down motion, caused by a rapid variations of atmospheric wind velocities.
Which scale represents turbulent motions for aircraft - correct answer ✔•
Turbulence that affects aircraft occurs on the microscale
What are the factors that determine lift? - correct answer ✔- Coefficient of
Lift (CL )
- Air Density (r)
- Air Speed (V)
- Wing Area (S)
How does the coefficient of lift change with angle of attack? - correct answer
✔CL increases with AoA, until you stall at which point Cl decreases
, Define load factor - correct answer ✔- Ratio of the total air load acting on an
aircraft to the gross weight of the aircraft
What 3 factors affect load factor in turbulence - correct answer ✔- Strength
of gusts
- Airspeed
- Wing Loading
What are some characteristics of waves and eddies? - correct answer
✔Wave - Regular oscillation of wind
Eddies - Vortices embedded in the mean wind flow
How does airspeed affect load factor - correct answer ✔- Determines
additional lift force generated by gust
- Slower is better (goal is to stall before exceeding design characteristics)
The higher the airspeed the less the AOA changes with a vertical gust
How do vertical gusts affect load factor - correct answer ✔- Results in
• Change of relative wind
• Change in AOA
The stronger the gust compared to airspeed the more the AoA changes
Define wing loading - correct answer ✔- Ratio of weight of aircraft to wing
surface area
