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HESI - Health Education Systems Inc & Admission
Assessment - HESI A2 Specialty Exams 2024-2025
HESI Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions
with Correct Answers and Rationales | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+ |
Read All Instructions Carefully and Answer All the
Questions Correctly Good Luck: -
A client has been diagnosed with gram-negative
pneumonia of the lower lobe. Knowing that gram-
negative bacteria have a lipopolysaccharide endotoxin
on their outer cell membrane, the health care provider
should be assessing the client for which
pathophysiological end result?
A) Damage to cellular mitochondria
B) Increased ATP levels
C) Activation of the p53 protein
D) Apoptosis - =Answer>> Ans: D
Feedback:
The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis involves
extracellular signaling proteins that bind to cell surface
molecules called death receptors and trigger apoptosis.
The end result includes activation of endonucleases
that cause fragmentation of DNA and cell death. In
addition to TNF and Fas ligand, primary signaling
molecules known to activate the extrinsic pathway
include TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL);
the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1);and lipopolysaccharide
(LPS), the endotoxin found in the outer cell membrane
of gram-negative bacteria. DNA damage, activation of
the p53 protein, and decreased ATP levels are
associated with the intrinsic pathway.
A person eating peanuts starts choking and collapses.
His airway obstruction is partially cleared, but he
remains hypoxic until he reaches the hospital. The
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health care providers will be assessing this client for
which of the following physiological events? Select all
that apply.
A) Cerebral infarction
B) Coagulation necrosis
C) Rapid phagocytosis
D) Protein p53 deficiency - =Answer>> Ans: A, B
Feedback:
Tissue infarction is caused by prolonged oxygen
deprivation, and the resulting large group of dead cells
coagulates in the damaged area. During coagulation
necrosis, acidosis develops and denatures the
enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell.
Phagocytosis occurs rapidly during apoptosis, so it does
not elicit an inflammatory response. Protein p53
activation initiates apoptosis.
A client with diabetes and severe peripheral vascular
disease has developed signs of dry gangrene on the
great toe of one foot. The client asks, "How this can
happen?" Which of the following pathophysiologic
processes should the nurse explain to this client? "More
than likely, your gangrene is caused by:
A) Inappropriate activation of apoptosis, which means
death of your cells."
B) Bacterial invasion into the foot and toe."
C) Impaired arterial blood supply to your toe."
D) Metaplastic cellular changes in your toe." -
=Answer>> Ans: C
Feedback:
Dry gangrene is often a result of impaired arterial blood
supply to the extremities. A bacterial etiology is more
common in wet gangrene, whereas neither metaplasia
nor activation of apoptosis is implicated in cases of dry
gangrene.
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A group of elderly residents were commenting on how
many cell functions decline with age. One resident
commented that many of his friends who lived under
large electromagnetic towers seemed to experience
aging at an accelerated rate in comparison with
residents who lived nearby in lakefront housing. This
observation is the basis for which theory on aging?
A) Theories of genetic influences
B) Programmed cell receptor theories
C) Insufficient telomerase enzyme theory
D) Error theory associated with DNA damage -
=Answer>> Ans: D
Feedback:
Error theory suggests that aging results from DNA
mutation or faulty repair. Another group of theories of
aging focuses on programmed cell changes with
genetic influences that systematically cause cell
senescence. Elimination of receptor sites is not part of
aging theory. Telomerase enzyme is thought to reduce
the shortening of the chromosomes and loss of
telomere DNA with each cell replication
Which of the following facts underlies the concept of
replicative senescence?
A) Genes controlling longevity are present or absent in
varying quantities among different individuals.
B) Telomeres become progressively shorter in
successive generations of a cell.
C) The damaging influence of free radicals increases
exponentially in later generations of a cell.
D) Aging produces mutations in DNA and deficits in
DNA repair. - =Answer>> Ans: B
Feedback:
Replicative senescence implies that cells have limited
capacity for reproduction, largely as a result of the
shortening of telomeres and consequent chromosomal
damage. Genetic theories, the influence of free
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