Identify what characteristics are common to the natural sciences - ANSWER
order, responsiveness/ irritability to stimuli, reproduction, growth &
development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, adaptation, evolution
Summarize the scientific method - ANSWER 1) observation is made
2) a question
3) hypothesis formed
4) prediction made
5) experiment done to test the prediction
6) results analyzed
7) hypothesis not supported
8) results reported
Compare inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning - ANSWER we are
NEVER 100% certain with inductive reasoning (very general). we are 100%
certain with deductive reasoning (very specific).
Describe the goals of basic science and applied sciences - ANSWER basic
science: knowledge for knowledge's sake
applied science: use science to solve real-world problems
Explain how the characteristics of Science and Philosophy (and/or other non-
science fields) are distinct - ANSWER science teaches us what we can and
, philosophy teaches us what we should not do; science is investigational and
philosophy is non-investigational
Explain how our comprehension of the cardiovascular system has actually
varied throughout time. - ANSWER heart was regarded as physiologically and
spiritually significant by Ancient Egyptians
heart as a muscle
Describe how the roles/occupations/professions/of the major contributors
(people) to the history of the discovery of pulmonary circulation change over
time - ANSWER father of medicine to anatomist to scholars to physician to
surgeons to polymath to director of botanical garden
eventually became more specialized
Describe the means through which knowledge, including incorrect knowledge,
of pulmonary circulation was transmitted from one age/person to another and/
or among contemporaries- ANSWER Egyptian cardiovascular medicine,
recorded via papyrus, Hippocratic Corpus, scholars and Alexandria School of
Medicine, records, treatises, books at universities, teaching, especially location
Identify the social, theoretical, practical influences that limited the ways that
scientists and physicians approached understanding the heart through history -
ANSWER spirituality, mysticism, anatomical observation made on nonhuman
bodies, Christian doctrine, book burning, books getting lost, borrowing
knowledge from contemporaries
Explain why Ibn al-Nafis was able to make such important contributions to
medical knowledge - ANSWER He challenged Avicenna (the Persian physician
and polymath)
became chief of physicians
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