HDFS Exam 1 Chapters 1-7 UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
__________ seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change
or remain the same over time. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The Science of Human
Development
Quantitative data is _____ - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- numbers
Qualitative data is______ - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- descriptive and describes
phenomenon which can be observed but not measured, i.e language
quantitative examples of human development - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- the number of
leaves on a tree, age in years, at what age in months an infant first speaks
qualitative examples of human development - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- the type of tree,
age in stage of development, what the infants first words were
Growth can be defined by what 5 things: - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- multidirectional,
multicontextual, multicultural, plastic, multidisciplinary
How do we know anything about human development? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
Research and Theory
_________ is a way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based
conclusions. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Scientific Method
Steps of the Scientific Method (1) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Begin with curiosity. On the
basis of theory, prior research, or a personal observation, pose a question.
Steps of the Scientific Method (2) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Develop a hypothesis. Shape
the question into a hypothesis, a specific prediction to be examined.
,Steps of the Scientific Method (3) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Test the hypothesis. Design
and conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data).
Steps of the Scientific Method (4) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Analyze the evidence
gathered in the research. Conclude whether the hypothesis is supported or not.
Steps of the Scientific Method (5) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Report the results. Share the
data, conclusions, and alternative explanations.
Before the Scientific Community can accept conclusions a sixth and crucial step of the
scientific is needed called:____________ - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- replication
Replication is the _________ of a study, using different participants. - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- repetition
A _______ is a specific prediction that can be tested. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- hypothesis
_________ evidence is evidence that is based on observation, experience, or experiment; not
theoretical. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- empirical
_______ is the influence of the genes that people inherit. General terms for the traits,
capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at
the moment of conception. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Nature
______ is the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is
conceived, beginning with the health and diet of the embryo's mother and continuing lifelong,
including experiences in the family, school, community, and nation. - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- Nurture
nature and nurture are _________. Nature always affects nurture and then nurture affects
nature. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- bidirectional
,Most developmentalists accept that nature and nurture interact in ________ ways. Exposure
to environments is not always random (peer group) and genes interact with environmental
exposure. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- complex
_________ is the study of many ways environment alters genetic expression, beginning with
methylation at conception and continuing lifelong. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Epigenetics
epigenetics is a kind of gene-environment interaction where the _________ acts as a
"template". Environmental factors can determine whether or not a gene is activated and by
how much. While gene expression can change DNA does NOT. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
genotype
The human _______ refers to the ecosystem of microorganisms that live in and on our
bodies. These little bugs- bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, protozoans. Refers to the genetic
material of microbes in our body. The number of genes in all the microbes in one person's
microbiome is 200 times the number of genes in the human genome. Each microbe has 3
million genes. They influence immunity, weight, diseases, mood. The "gut" as a second brain-
importance of nutrition. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- microbiome
____________ is when genetic risk is activated in both the worst and best environments
(dandelions and orchids example). That sensitivity to any particular experience differs from
one person to another because of the particular genes each person has inherited, or what
happened to that person years earlier. The idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to
particular experiences. Often such differences are genetic, which makes some people affected
"for better or for worse" by life events. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Differential
Susceptibility
_______ : genetic risk is activated in adverse environments (stress and substance use
disorder). Has been the predominant view of many mental health outcomes. Some people
who have a predisposition to a mental illness dont actually develop the mental illness they are
supposed to. Some people experience situations in life that increase likelihood that they will
develop the mental illness. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- diathesis stress
all of these types of gene-environment interactions indicate that ________ are important to
consider when evaluating the impact of environmental adversity. - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- individual differences
, the importance of individual differences: characteristics that vary from person to person such
as ___________. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- personality trait or genotype
Variation in individual differences may explain why one person who experienced severe
abuse went on to become resilient compared to someone who did not via __________
processes. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- gene x environmental
Rachel has had many hardships in life, but she has managed to thrive and be successful.
Alternatively, Jen has experienced a few small bumps in the road, and she is seriously
struggling as a result. These differences can be attributed to - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
individual differences
the __________ is the approach to the study of human development that takes into account
all phases of life not just childhood or adulthood. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Life-span
Perspective
According to the lifespan perspective development is viewed as what 5 things? - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plastic
Development being multidirectional means that: - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- overtime
human characteristics can change in every direction. Traits appear and disappear, with
increases, decreases, and zigzags.Losses in some abilities occur simultaneously with gains in
others.
A _________ is a time when certain things must occur for normal development or the only
time an abnormality might occur. Ex: limb formation 28-54 days after conception -
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- critical period
A ______ period is when a particular development occurs most easily although it may still
happen later in development with more difficulty. Ex: language early in life - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- sensitive period
human development is fundamentally _________. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- contextual
