Examination
180 minutes
Instructions:
1. Read each question carefully.
2. Answer all questions.
3. Use the provided answer sheet to mark your responses.
4. Ensure all answers are final before submitting the exam.
5. Please answer each question below and click Submit when you have completed
the Exam.
6. This test has a time limit, The test will save and submit automatically when the
time expires
7. This is Exam which will assess your knowledge on the course Learning
Resources.
Good Luck!
, For Inquiries🤔 about This or 📑Any Other Exam 📱HMU
📧 Hybridgrades101@gmail.com
NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology 2024-2025
NR 507 Midterm Exam Advanced Pathophysiology
Review Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+ |
Read All Instructions Carefully and Answer All the
Questions Correctly Good Luck: -
Inhibition of the M3 receptors by the parasympathetic
nervous system
When the bladder is full, - =Answer>>
parasympathetic fibers increase to cause bladder
stretch. The individual perceives the need to urinate.
The PMN is activated. Nerve impulses travel from the
PMN to the sacral spinal area to release
parasympathetic fibers to the M3 receptors. This
causes constriction of the detrusor muscle (is needed
to push urine out).
The PMN will also inhibit the sympathetic fibers in the
lumbar spine to inhibit beta-2 receptors. This also leads
to detrusor muscle constriction.
The sympathetic nervous system also activates the
alpha-1 receptors to release noradrenalin which leads
to internal sphincter relaxation.
To complete the process of micturition, an inhibitory
signal is sent to the sacral plexus to inhibit the
pedendal nerve which relaxes the external sphincter.
Two factors typically lead to urinary incontinence (UI). -
=Answer>> over-contraction of the detrusor muscle.
when the detrusor muscle relaxes too much
Need Writing 📝Help? We've Got You Covered! ✍️
100% NO A I or Plagiarism Guaranteed🎯
💬 Chat with us here: 📧 Hybridgrades101@gmail.com
, For Inquiries🤔 about This or 📑Any Other Exam 📱HMU
📧 Hybridgrades101@gmail.com
other contributors: weakness in the internal or external
sphincters & impeded nerve innervations
Drugs: many drugs can cause UI: - =Answer>>
anticholinergics prevent relaxation of the bladder;
other drugs include, Anti-Parkinson drugs, alpha-
agonist, and antagonist drugs (remember that alpha
receptors are found in the internal sphincter).
An alpha-agonist will cause bladder over-contraction of
the bladder leading to overflow incontinence;
an alpha-antagonist will prevent the bladder from
contracting that will lead to stress incontinence.
Diuretics and ACE inhibitors increase the amount and
frequency of urination that results in urge incontinence,
Calcium channel blockers can prevent the internal and
external sphincters from contracting
and sedatives and hypnotics may inhibit the
individual's need to urinate.
In urge incontinence (UI), - =Answer>> the individual
reports a sudden urge to urinate but is unsuccessful on
attempt to urinate, or urination occurs rapidly when en-
route to the bathroom
Lifestyle changes include fluid management and
dietary changes. Avoid spicy foods that cause
increased urination. Oxybutynin can also be prescribed
to decrease bladder hypersensitivity.
Need Writing 📝Help? We've Got You Covered! ✍️
100% NO A I or Plagiarism Guaranteed🎯
💬 Chat with us here: 📧 Hybridgrades101@gmail.com
, For Inquiries🤔 about This or 📑Any Other Exam 📱HMU
📧 Hybridgrades101@gmail.com
Overflow incontinence is - =Answer>> bladder
distention caused by sphincter malfunction that
prevents urine from flowing out of the bladder or a
problem with bladder contraction.
The patient will present with frequency, urgency,
dribbling and hesitancy.
The most common cause of acute renal failure is due to
- =Answer>> a pre-renal failure.
Hypotension is a cause of pre-renal failure that reduces
blood flow to the kidneys.
hypoperfusion.is another cause
One of the first pathophysiological responses to the
decreased GFR in acute renal failure is: - =Answer>>
the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system.
One of the major markers for glomerular filtration rate
is - =Answer>> creatinine.
Acute Renal Failure - =Answer>> Acute renal failure
(ARF) involves a sudden loss of kidney function.
The individual will experience:
Oliguria (< 30ml/hr).
Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.
Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities.
ARF is organ failure which means that the kidney is no
longer functional.
Need Writing 📝Help? We've Got You Covered! ✍️
100% NO A I or Plagiarism Guaranteed🎯
💬 Chat with us here: 📧 Hybridgrades101@gmail.com
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller StarScoreGrades. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $14.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
