HDFS Exam 1 Questions with Complete
Solutions 2024/2025
physical development - ANSWERSdevelopment involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain,
nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink and sleep
cognitive development - ANSWERSdevelopment involving the ways that growth and change in
intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
social development - ANSWERSthe way in which individuals interactions with others and their social
relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
sensitive period - ANSWERSa point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to
certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce
irreversible consequences
critical period - ANSWERSa specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest
consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli are necessary for development
to proceed normally
maturation - ANSWERSthe predetermined unfolding of genetic information
continuous change - ANSWERSgradual development in which achievements at one level build on those
of previous levels
discontinuous change - ANSWERSdevelopment that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage
bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at previous stages
theories - ANSWERSexplanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a
framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles
,classical conditioning - ANSWERSa type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to
a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
operant conditioning - ANSWERSa form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or
weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences
scientific method - ANSWERSthe process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled
techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data
hypothesis - ANSWERSa prediction states in a way that permits it to be tested
experimental research - ANSWERSresearch designed to discover causal relationships between various
factors
survey research - ANSWERSa type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some
correlational research - ANSWERSresearch that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship
between 2 factors exist
naturalistic research - ANSWERSa type of correlational study in which some naturally occurring behavior
is observed without intervention in the situation
psychophysiological methods - ANSWERSresearch that focuses on the relationship between physiological
processes and behavior
experiment - ANSWERSa process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different
experiences for participants and then studies and compares the outcomes
independent variable - ANSWERSthe variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment
dependent variable - ANSWERSthe variable that researchers measure to see if it changes as a result of
the experimental manipulation
, sample - ANSWERSthe group of participants chosen for the experiment
cross sectional research - ANSWERSresearch in which people of different ages are compared at the same
point in time
sequential studies - ANSWERSresearch in which researchers examine a number of different age groups
over several points in time
cohort effects - ANSWERSa group of people born at around the same time in the same place
synapse - ANSWERSthe gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically
communicate with one another
genotype - ANSWERSthe underlying combination of genetic material present in an organism
DNA - ANSWERSthe substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in
the body and how it will function
dominant trait - ANSWERSthe one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present
monozygotic twins - ANSWERStwins who are genetically identical
germinal stage - ANSWERSthe first and shortest stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during
the first 2 weeks following conception
placenta - ANSWERSa conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the
umbilical cord
fetal alcohol syndrome - ANSWERSa disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial
quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in intellectual disability and delayed growth
in the child
Solutions 2024/2025
physical development - ANSWERSdevelopment involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain,
nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink and sleep
cognitive development - ANSWERSdevelopment involving the ways that growth and change in
intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
social development - ANSWERSthe way in which individuals interactions with others and their social
relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
sensitive period - ANSWERSa point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to
certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce
irreversible consequences
critical period - ANSWERSa specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest
consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli are necessary for development
to proceed normally
maturation - ANSWERSthe predetermined unfolding of genetic information
continuous change - ANSWERSgradual development in which achievements at one level build on those
of previous levels
discontinuous change - ANSWERSdevelopment that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage
bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at previous stages
theories - ANSWERSexplanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a
framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles
,classical conditioning - ANSWERSa type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to
a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
operant conditioning - ANSWERSa form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or
weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences
scientific method - ANSWERSthe process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled
techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data
hypothesis - ANSWERSa prediction states in a way that permits it to be tested
experimental research - ANSWERSresearch designed to discover causal relationships between various
factors
survey research - ANSWERSa type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some
correlational research - ANSWERSresearch that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship
between 2 factors exist
naturalistic research - ANSWERSa type of correlational study in which some naturally occurring behavior
is observed without intervention in the situation
psychophysiological methods - ANSWERSresearch that focuses on the relationship between physiological
processes and behavior
experiment - ANSWERSa process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different
experiences for participants and then studies and compares the outcomes
independent variable - ANSWERSthe variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment
dependent variable - ANSWERSthe variable that researchers measure to see if it changes as a result of
the experimental manipulation
, sample - ANSWERSthe group of participants chosen for the experiment
cross sectional research - ANSWERSresearch in which people of different ages are compared at the same
point in time
sequential studies - ANSWERSresearch in which researchers examine a number of different age groups
over several points in time
cohort effects - ANSWERSa group of people born at around the same time in the same place
synapse - ANSWERSthe gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically
communicate with one another
genotype - ANSWERSthe underlying combination of genetic material present in an organism
DNA - ANSWERSthe substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in
the body and how it will function
dominant trait - ANSWERSthe one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present
monozygotic twins - ANSWERStwins who are genetically identical
germinal stage - ANSWERSthe first and shortest stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during
the first 2 weeks following conception
placenta - ANSWERSa conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the
umbilical cord
fetal alcohol syndrome - ANSWERSa disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial
quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in intellectual disability and delayed growth
in the child
