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2024 NR507 FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NR507 FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NR507 FINAL EXAM WITHCORRECT ANSWERS
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures: - CORRECT ANSWERS- -wide-spread and
uncontrolled neuron activity in the entire cerebral cortex
-occur in 10% of patients who have epilepsy
-excessive neuronal discharge in the motor nerves through the brain.
Generalized tonic seizures: - CORRECT ANSWERS- this seizure is
characterized by unconsciousness and muscle rigidity.
Post-ictal phase - CORRECT ANSWERS- (lasts one to two hours):
characterized by confusion, unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.
-Following the post-ictal state, there will be a return to normal state of
consciousness
Clonic phase - CORRECT ANSWERS- (lasts one minute): continuous
discharge of neurons gets interrupted.
-characterized by small durations of relaxation, occur because of inhibitory
mechanisms of the brain to try to control the wide-spread neuronal activity
-patient will exhibit spasms and jerking, perceived as violent shaking of
muscles.
microbes that play a role in the development of rosacea - CORRECT
ANSWERS- Demodex mites
H. pylori
Staphylococcal organisms
Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea - CORRECT ANSWERS- Persistent
central/facial erythema
Flushing
Telangiectasias
Skin sensitivity (stinging)
Papulopustular rosacea - CORRECT ANSWERS- Persistent central/facial
erythema
Papules
Pustules
Ocular rosacea - CORRECT ANSWERS- -Dry, gritty sensation in the eye with
pain or photophobia
-Blepharitis or conjunctivitis
,-Chalaza and hordeolum
-Scleritis, keratitis
-may require referral to an ophthalmologist
Generalized clonic seizures: - CORRECT ANSWERS- this seizure is
characterized by muscle spasms.
Generalized absence seizure: - CORRECT ANSWERS- -common in children
-caused by a genetic abnormality
-characterized by sudden and brief loss of consciousness without muscle
tone
-last for only a few seconds
-no associated post-ictal confusion.
Wide variety of options available, is based on needs of the patient -
CORRECT ANSWERS- Anticonvulsants
Removes the cause of the seizure - CORRECT ANSWERS- Surgery
Ketogenic diet - CORRECT ANSWERS- Produces energy other than glucose to
be used by the brain
Nerve stimulation - CORRECT ANSWERS- Controls the seizure by influencing
neurotransmitter release
An individual having a focal seizure without dyscognitive features will _______
- CORRECT ANSWERS- have no impairment of consciousness
Febrile seizures most often ___________ medication as they ___________. -
CORRECT ANSWERS- do not need, resolve on their own.
Tonic-clonic phase results in: - CORRECT ANSWERS- 1. The muscles of the
body become contracted. without any relaxation.
2. Loss of consciousness.
3. Ictal cry. This is a typical sound produced by the tonic contractions of the
laryngeal muscles and muscles of expiration.
4. Respiratory impairment that results in cyanosis.
5. Tonic contraction of the jaw muscles that can cause tongue biting.
6. Increased sympathetic activity. This will cause increased heart rate and
blood pressure
Tonic-clonic phase lasts __________ - CORRECT ANSWERS- 10-20 seconds
Tonic-clonic phase is due to __________________ - CORRECT ANSWERS- the
excessive discharge of neurons in the motor nerves
,Underlying cause of BPH - CORRECT ANSWERS- 5delta-reductace activity
increases with age
-increases dihydrotestosterone levels
-normal prostate cells respond to the increase in dihydrotestosterone levels
by living longer and multiplying
acute kidney injury/acute renal failure - CORRECT ANSWERS- sudden loss of
kidney function
Reversible
S/S:
-oliguria (<30mL/hr)
-increased BUN & creatinine
-fluid & electrolyte abnormalities
Prerenal - CORRECT ANSWERS- Most common type of Acute Renal Failure
Sudden & severe drop in BP (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the
kidneys from severe injury or illness
-causes: hypotension, decreased CO, decreased blood volume
Intrarenal (intrinsic) - CORRECT ANSWERS- Direct damage to the kidneys by
inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or decreased blood supply.
-Causes: acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute glomerulonephritis, and other
glomerulopathies
Postrenal - CORRECT ANSWERS- Sudden obstruction of urine flow due to
enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumors, or injury.
Prerenal labs - CORRECT ANSWERS- -increased creatinine
-increased BUN
-increased BUN/creatinine ratio 20:1
-concentrated urine (high osmolarity)
Intrinsic renal failure labs - CORRECT ANSWERS- -increased creatining
-increased BUN
-BUN/creatinine ratio <15:1
-dilute urine
Best way to differentiate between prerenal and intrinsic renal failure -
CORRECT ANSWERS- BUN/creatinine ratio
Most common damage to the kidneys in intrinsic (intrinsic) renal disease is
___________ - CORRECT ANSWERS- tubular (85%)
others are:
glomerular (5%)
interstitial (8%)
vascular (<2%)
, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) - CORRECT ANSWERS- Progressive loss of
renal function that can develop as a complication of unresolved AKI or
systemic diseases, including HTN, DM (most significant risk factor), SLE or
intrinsic kidney disease.
Risk factor for development of UTI - CORRECT ANSWERS- Pregnancy
Help prevent a UTI - CORRECT ANSWERS- Increase water consumption
Complicated UTI can be caused by ____ - CORRECT ANSWERS- a structural
urinary tract disorder
a symptom of a lower urinary tract infection - CORRECT ANSWERS- urgency
UTI's are more common for ______ - CORRECT ANSWERS- women, especially
when:
-sexually active
-pregnant
-during post-menopause with estrogen deficiency
-being treated with antibiotics (normal flora diminished)
Lower UTI - CORRECT ANSWERS- Cystitis
Lower UTI s/s - CORRECT ANSWERS- urgency
burning
frequency
dysuria
suprapubic pain
cloudy urine
odorous urine
acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS- Upper UTI
•Specific diagnosis is established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
Upper UTI s/s - CORRECT ANSWERS- symptoms associated with cystitis
fever
flank pain
costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness
N&V
malaise
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