Class notes
MATRIC IEB GEOGRAPHY
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These documents cover all the climate, settlement, fluvial geomorphology and a summary of the economics sections for the IEB Geography subject
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SETTLEMENTTHE CONCEPT OF SETTLEMENT
• A settlement – place where people live. Contains buildings and
systems [water, transport and communication] that enables people
to meet their needs
• No 2 settlements are the same because of these differences:
climate, physical landscape [relief], availability of resources and
the culture/religion of its people
SITE AND SITUATION
• Describe the location of a settlement
• Site – physical space that the settlement occupies
The following is taken into account when selecting a site:
- Physical: resources
- Economic: minerals Eg. Site of magaliesburg: relief
- Trade: harbours, ports is steep, non-perennial river
- Transport: major roads Site of coal mine: coal
- Cultural: religion Site of farms: fertile soil
- Social: job availability
- Political: RDP homes
- Historical: apartheid
• Situation – relationship between settlement and surrounding
[immediate] physical features
- West of dam; approx…..km from Sandton; direction
- Use landmarks – shops, spot height
FUNCTION OF SETTLEMENTS
• Why it was built/developed and may change overtime with the
growth of the settlement
• Tourist resort – sun city
• Residential
• Administration – Pretoria
• Commercial: JHB
• Route centre: Beauford West
• Manufacturing: IDZ
, • Port:
• Cultural: Graaf Reinet
• Market town: Cullinen
• Mining town: JHB
Rural settlements: usually unifunctional – 1 main function in primary
activities
• Farming, fishing, forestry, mining
Urban settlements: multifunctional – many functions in secondary,
tertiary and quaternary activities
CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENTS
SIZE
• The physical size of a settlement usually corresponds to the size of
its population
1. Isolated farmstead – few buildings, families
2. Hamlet – grouping of a few farmsteads. May include church and a
few stores
3. Village – fairly big community which may have a post office, a
primary school
4. Town – smallest urban settlement that provides secondary and a
few tertiary activities such as schools, clinics and restaurants
5. City – large urban centre offering large, complex specialised
services such as universities and international airports
6. Metropolis – very large urban area consisting of a large city and
its neighbouring towns and suburbs
7. Conurbation – continuous urban area that develops when cities
and towns expand out towards earch other and merge
- RSA: Gauteng – JHB, Ekurhuleni and Tswane [PWV]
- National roads have led to it
- Urban sprawl
8. Megapolis – sprawling urban area consisting of adjoining
conurbations
- Taiheiyo Belt – Japan
- Eastern seaboard – USA
, THE URBAN HEIRACHY
• Primate city: disproportionally the largest in
country/region/province
- JHB
- The capital city is not always the primate
- Not all countries have a primate [China and India] due to rapid
urbanisation all over country
- Secondary cities are smaller and drive the economy
MEGAPOLIS
CONURBATION
INCREASE SIZE OF CITY
SETTLEMENT, HIGHER
POPULATION AND LARGE TOWN DECREASE IN
MORE SERVICES FREQUENCY
SMALL TOWN
VILLAGE
HAMLET
ISOLATED [DWELLING]
Hierarchy shows that there are more isolated dwellings than megapolis
and that there is a larger population in big cities and more functions and
services are present
COMPLEXITY
• Complexity refers to the number of elements that exist in a
settlement
• Village – very simple with a few elements: 1 church, clinic, park,
primary school
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