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Bonding: A GCSE Chemistry Lesson
Bonding is the joining together of atoms to form molecules or compounds. This occurs when atoms share or
transfer electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration (usually with a full outer shell). There are
three main types of bonding:
1. Ionic Bonding
● Occurs between: A metal and a non-metal.
● Process: The metal atom loses electrons to become a positive ion (cation), while the non-metal
atom gains electrons to become a negative ion (anion). The oppositely charged ions are attracted to
each other, forming an ionic bond.
● Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl) - Sodium loses an electron, chlorine gains one.
2. Covalent Bonding
● Occurs between: Two non-metals.
● Process: The atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
● Types:
○ Single covalent bond: One pair of electrons shared (e.g., H-H in hydrogen gas).
○ Double covalent bond: Two pairs of electrons shared (e.g., O=O in oxygen gas).
○ Triple covalent bond: Three pairs of electrons shared (e.g., N≡N in nitrogen gas).
● Example: Water (H₂O) - Oxygen shares two electrons with each hydrogen atom.
3. Metallic Bonding
● Occurs between: Metal atoms.
● Process: The metal atoms contribute their outer electrons to a "sea of electrons" that is free to
move throughout the metal. This creates a strong electrostatic attraction between the positive
metal ions and the delocalized electrons.
● Properties: Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat due to the free-moving electrons.
Key Points for a Grade 9:
● Understand the differences between the three types of bonding.
● Be able to predict the type of bonding between elements based on their position in the periodic table.
● Know how to draw dot-and-cross diagrams to represent covalent bonding.
● Understand the properties associated with each type of bonding (e.g., ionic compounds are usually crystalline solids,
metals are malleable and ductile).
● Be able to explain how bonding affects the properties of substances.
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