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Biology Mitosis - DNA Structure notes + Explenation
(IB_MYP_Grade 10) Unit 7 Cell Structure and Function
IB MYP Biology Science; Year 4/5; unit 4 FORM
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mashal iqbal biology e-assessment revision 2018
CHAPTER 1
HOW IS LIFE ORGANIZED?
characteristics of living things
state the 3 aspects of cell theory
A. all living things are made of cells and their products
B. new cells are created by old cells dividing into 2
C. cells are the basic building units of life
outline the 7 characteristics of living things
1. movement: change in location/motion of a single part of an
organism
2. respiration: chemical reaction that occurs within cells to release
energy from food
3. sensitivity: ability to detect changes in surrounding environment
(sense or respond to stimuli)
4. growth: permanent increase in cell number and size
5. reproduction: ability to produce offspring
6. excretion: getting rid of waste
7. nutrition: take in raw materials from surroundings, obtain energy, from
nutrients to grow/provide energy
are viruses living things?
no, because they lack fundamental elements of MRSGREN, such as
reproduction
cells
draw and label a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell
a eukaryotic cell is any organism composed of more than 1 cell, a prokaryotic cell is bacteria
describe the function of cell organelles
- ribosome: tiny particle, present in large numbers in living cells, found free in cytoplasm, attached to ER, made
up of protein and RNA, size of protein synthesize
- ER: [endoplasmic reticulum] membrane continuous with nuclear envelope, responsible for modification of
proteins. rough – ribosomes attached that synthesize proteins to be modified. smooth – no ribosomes,
responsible for making phosolipids/steroids, helps in detoxification of cell
- lysosome: membrane bound sacs of digestive enzymes, breaks down materials taken into cell from outside,
breaks down parts of cells that no longer function/aren’t needed
- Golgi apparatus: membrane bound organelles, modifies/packages/sorts macromolecules (proteins) for delivery
to other parts of cell
- mitochondria: double membrane bound organelle, responsible for cellular respiration, contains own DNA
- nucleus: largest of membrane bound organelle, control center, contains genetic info. of cell in DNA,
deoxyribonucleic acid
- cell wall: rigid outer covering of plant cell, composed mainly of cellulose, lying outside cell membrane, gives
plant stem/wood stiffness (not in animal cells)
- plasma/cell membrane: semi-permeable membrane, encloses
cytoplasm of cell, made up of phosolipids/bi-layer proteins
- pili/pilus: small hair like projections emerging from outside cell
surface, outgrowths help bacteria attach to teeth, rocks,
intestines, other cells/surfaces. without pili, disease bacteria lose
ability to infect, unable to attach to host tissue
- flagella: whip like structure, used for locomotion in single cell
organisms/sex cells
- nucleoid: ring of DNA found in prokaryotes
compare and contrast plant and animal cells
compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes
page 1
,mashal iqbal biology e-assessment revision 2018
organ systems
• embryonic stem cells: pluripotent stem cells derived from inner cell mass of a blastocyst
• multicellular: having or consisting of one cell
• unicellular: having or consisting of one cell
• differentiation: when a cell changes from one type to another (specialized for particular function)
• physical: pertaining to the body
outline with flow diagram; life cycle of cell
explain 3 examples of specialized cells
- root hair cell: absorbs minerals that have been dissolved in water, increased
surface area for absorbing minerals
- sperm cell: contains genetic info./enzyme to penetrate egg cell membrane,
fertilization creates offspring (reproduction), middle is mitochondria, energy
- red blood cell: removes carbon dioxide from body, transported to lungs for
exhale inside bone marrow, carries oxygen
compare different organ systems
circulatory: heart - transports blood around body, urinary: kidneys/bladder – filters waste from blood
muscular: functions in movement/posture, skeletal: bones – functions in movement/support
integumentary: skin/sweat glands – protect tissues/regulate temperature, nervous: bran/spinal cord – controls
coordination, endocrine: thyroid/pituitary gland – controls coordination, reproductive: ovaries/testes – reproduce
offspring with genetic information, digestive: stomach/esophagus – breaks down food absorbed into bloodstream
summarize the levels of organization of life
organelle —> cell —> tissue —> organ —> organ system —> organism
cilia —> epithelial —> pleura —> lung —> respiratory —> human
classification
define classification
arrangement of animals/plants in taxonomic groups according to their observed similarities
list the stages of hierarchy of life
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Keep Practicing Class Order For Great Success
describe features of the 5 kingdoms
• animalia: multicellular, no cell wall or chlorophyll, heterotrophic feeders (amphibian, reptile, mammal, birds, fish)
• plantae: multicellular, have cell walls and chlorophyll, autotrophic feeders (green plants)
• fungi: multicellular, have cell walls, no chlorophyll, saprophytic feeders (molds, mushroom, yeast)
• protoctista: unicellular with nucleus (amoeba, paramecium)
• prokaryotes: unicellular without nucleus (blue/green bacteria algae)
distinguish between homologous/analogous
homologous: same evolutionary origin but different functions (wing of bat and human forearm = similar
arrangement of bones but perform different functions according to natural habitat)
analogous: different evolutionary origin but same function (leaf/stem tendril = perform function of coiling/support,
one is of foliar origin, other is of stem origin)
binomial nomenclature
binomial meaning two names, genus in capital letter - Fucus resisculosus – species in lowercase
ICN: International Code of Nomenclature, ICZN: International Code of Zoological Number
pasteur’s experiment
Louis Pasteur designed an experiment to test whether sterile nutrient
broth could spontaneously generate microbial life. he set up two
experiments and added nutrient broth to flasks, bent the necks of the
flasks into S shapes, and boiled the broth to kill any existing microbes.
he contributed to the cell theory by disproving spontaneous generation
and proved that cells can only form from pre-existing cells, by creating
an experiment that showed cells would only grow in broth if it was exposed to air.
page 2
,mashal iqbal biology e-assessment revision 2018
CHAPTER 2
WHAT CHEMICAL PROCESSES SUPPORT LIFE?
metabolism
define the term metabolism
chemical process, occurs within a living organism in order to maintain life, it’s a term that is used to describe all
chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living status of the cells and organs
- catabolism: the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy
- anabolism: the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cell
distinguish between anabolic and catabolic reactions (biochemical reactions)
anabolic: associated with growth, taking what’s in your food and forming large
complex molecules. when sugars are joined together to create glycogen. reaction is that
amino acids join to make proteins (muscles). athletes take anabolic steroids for growth.
#1 dehydration synthesis reaction: joining of smaller molecules together to form larger
more complex molecules occurs through DSR, organic molecules – formation of nucleic
acids, carbs, proteins, lipids
#2 reduction reaction [RIG]: adding of hydrogens and electrons to a molecule, and it
gains collies of energy as when a hydrocarbon bond is split, it releases energy
catabolic: release of energy and energy production, breakdown of organic
molecules for energy, breaking down sugars for energy, fat for energy
#1 hydrolysis reaction: breaking apart of molecules to smaller molecules to release
energy. (digestion & cellular reaction – break apart sugars and fat for energy) causes by
hydrolysis, the reverse of dehydration reaction. breaking down a protein into amino acids or
a triglyceride into fatty acids or a disaccharide into monosaccharaides are all hydrolysis or
catabolic reactions.
#2 oxidation reactions [OIL]: involve the removal of hydrogens and electrons from an
organic molecule.
discuss the factors affecting the rate of reactions
body size, weight gain, body composition, gender, age, hereditary, hormones, psychological state, temperature,
eating habits
respiration
state the word/chemical equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
state the word equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose lactic acid + energy (animals)
glucose alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy (yeast)
structure of a mitochondrion/function
there are many similarities between chloroplast, intermembrane compartment has a double membrane and has
their own DNA from preexisting mitochondrion and have a smooth outer
membrane, folded surface area for chemical reactions, center inner membrane
(cristae), allows more site of electron transport chain, H+ ions
- inner membrane: build up in space between inner membrane and outer
membrane, creates proton potential, helps power ATP formation
- outer membrane: (gateway) porins allow smaller proteins in protein complexes to
allow bigger proteins in the matrix which increases surface area of inner
membrane
- cristae: faster production of ATP meaning that there is more places to perform
citric acid cycle takes place (produces energy molecules called ATP)
- matrix: contains mitochondrial DNA in nucleus
page 3
, mashal iqbal biology e-assessment revision 2018
outline the process of respiration
cellular respiration is a set of metabolic/catabolic reactions and
processes that take place in the cells or organisms to convert
biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP and then release waste
products.
compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration
suggest uses of anaerobic respiration in industry
fermentation of yeast - ethanol [alcohol], bacteria repsires anaerobicly
using sugar, fermentation of lactobacillius - production of yogurt /
cheese
photosynthesis
define photosynthesis
the process used by plants and other organisms to convert light
energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the
organisms activities.
state the word and balanced chemical equations
carbon dioxide + water [light/chlorophyll] glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
discuss the limiting factors that affect the rate
CO2 concentration = a plant that can’t photosynthesize if there is
insufficient CO2
light intensity = w/o enough light, the plant can’t photosynthesize
very quickly, increasing light = boost speed
temperature = cold means that rate decreases and plants cant
photosynthesize if it’s too hot
draw and label the structure of the leaf
sketch graphs to show the effect of limiting factors on
photosynthesis
enzymes
define the terms:
• catalyst: substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
without itself undergoing any permanent change
• kinetic energy: energy which a body possesses by virtue of being in
motion
• limiting factor: environmental conditions that limit growth, abundance or
distribution of an organism population of organisms in ecosystem
• energy transfer: conversion of one form of energy into another,
movement of energy from one place to another
• yield: amount (produce) / provided of an agricultural or industrial product
• active site: a region of an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substrate during a reaction
describe structure/function of enzymes
enzymes are very efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions, speed up reactions by providing an alternative
reaction pathway of lower activation energy.
lock and key theory/induced fit models
the active point of a specific enzyme only fits with the corresponding substrate, much like the lock and key theory.
in the induced fit model, the active site of the enzyme must be modified in order for the substrate to fit in, before
the breakdown. substrate is the substance on which enzyme acts, enzyme is the substance produced by a living
organism which acts as a catalyst about a specific biochemical reaction, product is the result of a process
outline the limiting factors of enzyme activity
temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, the presence of any inhibitors
list 3 enzymes that function within the human body
pepsin/trypsin = digest dietary proteins, lipase = (pancreas) dietary fats
page 4
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