Bio 171 Exam 1 Questions With Verified And
Updated Answers
Archaea - answer✔like bacteria. Are able to live in extreme environment
bacteria - answer✔microorganisms that are the basis of fermentation & infectious diseases. Typically
one-celled, have no chlorophyll, multiply by simple division, & can be seen only with a microscope. They
occur in 3 main forms: spherical, rod-shaped, & spiral
eukaryote - answer✔an organism that uses aerobic cellular respiration to break down compounds
including oxygen into cellular energy. A human or animal cell
most recent common ancestor - answer✔of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from
which all organisms in a group are directly descended.
prokaryote - answer✔an organism lacking a true nucleus: in some systems of biological classification,
any of a superkingdom of organisms, including the viruses & monerans
phylogenetic tree - answer✔a graph illustrating evolutionary relationships among various entities that
are known to share a common ancestor
nucleic acid - answer✔any group of complex compounds found in all living cells & viruses, composed of
purines, pyrimidines, carbohydrates, & phosphoric acid. Nucleic acids in the form of DNA & RNA control
cellular function & heredity
DNA - answer✔a nucleic acid that contains the genetic code
RNA - answer✔a long, single-stranded chain of cells that processes protein
transcription - answer✔the synthesis of messenger RNA from a DNA template through the formation of
base pairs, resulting in a transfer of genetic information that codes for amino acid sequences composing
proteins
translation - answer✔the process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of the
growing polypeptide during protein synthesis
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gene - answer✔the definition of a gene is a unit on a chromosome that determines a specific trait in an
organism
amino acid - answer✔any of a large group of organic acids containing a carboxyl group, COOH, & an
amino acid group, NH
protein - answer✔the definition of a protein is a substance that has amino acids, compounds & carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & sometimes sulfur is found in many foods
cell membrane - answer✔a layer of tissue that surrounds a cell
ribosome - answer✔a tiny particle made up a nucleic acids & proteins that exist in large numbers in the
gel-like substance in between every cell in the body
genetic code - answer✔the set of DNA & RNA sequences used in the synthesis of an organism's proteins.
It is the biochemical basis of heredity & nearly universal in all organisms
phospholipid - answer✔a group of lipids that contain a phosphate ester as part of the structure & yield
on hydrolysis phosphoric acid, an alcohol, fatty acid & a nitrogenous base: found in all living cells
carbohydrate - answer✔the definition of a carbohydrate is an organic compound that occurs in living
tissues or food & that can be broken down into energy by people or animals
characteristics of living organisms - answer✔-complexity, with precise spatial organization on several
scales
-the ability to change in response to the environment
-the ability to reproduce
-the capacity to evolve
1st law of thermodynamics - answer✔energy can not be created or destroyed
2nd law of thermodynamics - answer✔states that the degree of disorder in the universe tends to
increase
entropy - answer✔amount of disorder in a system
variable - answer✔is changed by the experimenter from one treatment to the next
cell - answer✔the simplest entity
central dogma - answer✔the pathway from DNA to RNA (specifically to form an RNA called messenger
RNA to protein)
natural selection - answer✔calls on complex mathematical formulations, but at heart its main principles
are simple, indeed unavoidable
environmental varition - answer✔variation among individuals due to differences in the environment
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