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2024 NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NR507 ADVANCEDPATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Decreased tissue oxygenation from anemia can manifest as signs and symptoms of
the following: - CORRECT ANSWERS- Severe fatigue
Pallor
Weakness
Dyspnea
Dizziness
Cardiac Output (CO) - CORRECT ANSWERS- The amount of blood that the heart
pumps in 1 minute. CO is also known as cardiac contractility.
CO=heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV).
Stroke Volume (SV) - CORRECT ANSWERS- The volume of blood pumped out of the
left ventricle during each systolic cardiac contraction.
Afterload - CORRECT ANSWERS- The force, or load, which the heart must contract
against in order to pump blood.
Afterload is also known as systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
Preload - CORRECT ANSWERS- The amount of stretch that the cardiac muscle
exhibits at the end of ventricular filling.
,Hypersensitivity: Type 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS- Type 1: Allergic reaction, Mediated
by IgE, Inflammation due to mast cell degranulation
Local symptoms:
-itching
-rash
Systemic symptoms:
-wheezing
Most dangerous = anaphylactic reaction
systemic response of hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction
Main treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects
Hypersensitivity: Type 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS- Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction; tissue
specific (ex: thyroid tissue)
Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
Can cause tissue damage or alter function
Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism) - example of altering thyroid function, but does
not destroy thyroid tissue
Incompatible blood type- example of cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe
transfusion reaction occurs and the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by
agglutination or complement-mediated lysis.
, Type 1 Hypersensitivity VS. Type 2 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWERS- Type 1
Hypersensitivity
Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface
Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Not Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was released into
the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues
Hypersensitivity: Type 3 - Examples - CORRECT ANSWERS- Rheumatoid arthritis:
Antigen/antibodies are deposited in the joints
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)- very closely related to autoimmunity-
antigen/antibodies deposit in organs that cause tissue damage
Hypersensitivity: Type 4 - CORRECT ANSWERS- Delayed response
Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes like Types 1, 2 and 3
Is T-cell mediated
Differentiating Between the Rash of a Type 1 vs. Type 4 Reaction: - CORRECT
ANSWERS- Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis,
are usually characterized by widely distributed lesions
Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the
site of contact with the allergen
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