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GLPH 271 - final exam questions well answered to pass
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GLPH 271 - final exam questions well answered to pass
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GLPH 271 - final exam questions wellanswered to pass
what is the global burden of disease - correct answer ✔✔Measure of total health loss from hundreds of
diseases and injuries (and their risk factors) that provides insight into the health status of different
populations throughout the world
Health categories used to report GBD - correct answer ✔✔1. communicable disease, maternal, perinatal
and nutritional
2. non- communicable disease
3. injuries
communicable diseases - correct answer ✔✔- Spread from one person to another, or from an animal to
a person. Typically this occurs through airborne droplets of bodily fluids containing a virus bacterium or
parasite. Nutritional, maternal and neonatal conditions are often grouped with communicable diseases
in the study of GBD
- represents 3/10 global deaths
- these conditions occur largely in poorer populations due to inadequate access to healthcare,
particularly preventative care and include such conditions like HIV
although the global rate of death is estimated at 30% the rate is still greater that 50% in many of the
poorest countries (only 10% in developed countries)
the big three communicable diseases: - correct answer ✔✔1. HIv. AIDS
2. Tuberculosis
3. malaria
1) HIV - correct answer ✔✔- Infects white blood cells called helper T cells destroying them over time and
eventually causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- World's leading infectious disease and has killed over 39 million people including 3.2 million children
- Spread from person to person via bodily fluids
,- Typically treated using antiretroviral therapy, which can greatly prolong life and suppress symptoms,
but does not cure the disease. The main prevention strategies are condom use and treatment of
mothers with ART during the perinatal period to prevent spread to their babies
- The GBD for this disease is increasing in developing countries and decreasing in developed countries,
and it is a leading cause of death in Africa.
HIV - populations most effected and population causes of disease - correct answer ✔✔populations most
affected:
- children in Africa
- Almost 90% of global childhood HIV death occurs in the African Region
population causes of disease:
- lack of regular HIV testing
- limited access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for mothers and children in rural areas
- high levels of stigma surrounding HIV, particularly for pregnant women
2) Tuberculosis - correct answer ✔✔- Bacterium that infects 1/3 of the world's population
- Only 5-10% of those infected will develop active TB infection
- Percentage is much higher when co- infected with HIV
- Can be treated with antibiotic, but drug resistance is a major global health problem and is made worse
with non- compliance with medications
- The GBD for this disease is decreasing in both developed and developing countries with more than ½ of
all cases found in the south- east Asia and western pacific regions
- Caused 4.77% of deaths in southeast asia in 2013
TB- populations most effected and population causes of disease - correct answer ✔✔populations most
affected:
- people in India
- approximately one-quarter of TB cases occur in India
population causes of disease:
,- TB is exacerbated by malnutrition and tobacco smoking which are common in India
- early TB detection and drug adherence are not emphasized in Indias healthcare system
3) Malaria - correct answer ✔✔- Caused by the parasite Plasmodium Falciparum, which can be
transmitted between humans by mosquitoes
- More prevalent but less deadly that HIV
- 200 million cases and over 500,000 deaths in 2013
- curable using anti- malarial drugs and preventable using insecticide- treated mosquito nets and indoor
sprays
- GBD for this disease is extremely small in developed countries and decreasing in developing countries
- DALS is still as high as 17% in countries such as Gambia
Malaria- populations most effected and population causes of disease - correct answer ✔✔populations
most affected:
- sub- Saharan Africa
- approximately 90% of malaria cases and deaths occur in Sub- Saharan Africa
population causes of disease:
- Africa is an ideal climate for mosquitos, with long warm spells and intense rainy seasons
- human immunity can be relatively low in these regions of Africa
nutritional conditions (2 major ones) - correct answer ✔✔1) Iron deficiency
2) Protein energy malnutrition
nutritional conditions - 1) Iron deficiency - correct answer ✔✔- Most common nutritional disorder in the
world
- Effects of iron deficiency anemia range from impaired development in children to decreased work
productivity in adults
- Rarely fatal but can have staggering impact on entire economies sucking the life out of development
, nutritional conditions - 2) Protein energy malnutrition - correct answer ✔✔- Form of severe calorie and
protein deficiency (starvation)
- Kind of malnutrition has a particularly large impact on children due to their lower protein intake,
especially once they stop breastfeeding
- PEM is less common but more severe than iron deficiency
- Leads to significant developmental impacts and 6 million deaths a year
Maternal conditions
1) Impact on children - correct answer ✔✔· Poor care and/ or nutrition of the mother often leads to
- Dec stability in the home
- Poor health/ death of child
- Low birth weights
· Motherless children are
- Less likely to get an education
- More likely to die
· Building a women trust in healthcare increases prevention care for the whole family
Maternal conditions
2) Economic reasons - correct answer ✔✔· 70% those who live in absolute poverty are women
· women are more likely to spend what the make on their family
· maternal health interventions are among the most cost effective in health
· building solid maternal health services strengthens the whole health care system
Maternal conditions
3) social justice - correct answer ✔✔· maternal deaths are rooted in women's powerlessness and their
unequal access to
- employment
- finances
- education
- basic health care
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