S1 - answer✔-Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
- Beginning of systole
S2 - answer✔- Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve
- End of systole
Valvular stenosis - answer✔the valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, impeding the forward flow of
blood and increasing the workload of the cardiac chamber proximal to the diseased valve.
Intraventricular or atrial pressure increases in the chamber to overcome resistance to flow through the
valve. Increased pressure causes the myocardium to work harder, causing myocardial hypertrophy.
Stroke volume - answer✔The volume of blood ejected per bear during systole
Cor Pulmonale - answer✔right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
Cardiac output - answer✔HR x SV
-Normal= 5Lpm
-Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
Preload - answer✔The volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole
Determined by:
- Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole
- The amount of blood in the ventricle after systole
Afterload - answer✔The resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Contractility - answer✔sympathetic nervous system, epi and norepi) + inotropes
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