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Archaeoastronomy 60 Exam | Quiz Questions With Reviewed Answers|2025
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2. Surviving writings (Dresden codex) 2.50 From the video on the ancient Maya: Briefly describe a couple of reasons why the Maya studied Venus so closely (i.e. what did they believe Venus affected here on Earth?). - ️️weather and war 2.51 From lecture, why do we always see the same side of th...

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  • November 25, 2024
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Archaeoastronomy 60 Exam #2 Quiz
Questions
2. Surviving writings (Dresden codex)

2.50 From the video on the ancient Maya: Briefly describe a couple of reasons why the Maya studied
Venus so closely (i.e. what did they believe Venus affected here on Earth?). - ✔ ✔ weather and war

2.51 From lecture, why do we always see the same side of the Moon from Earth? - ✔ ✔ They spin
together

2.52 From lecture, how often does the Moon rotate on its axis? - ✔ ✔ 27.3 days

2.53 From lecture, draw and label the Earth, Sun and Moon, indicate the direction of the Moon's orbit,
and label New Moon, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full, Waning Gibbous, Third
Quarter, Waning Crescent. - ✔ ✔

2.54* From lecture, explain the difference between the sidereal and solar month. Which one is longer
and why? Use a well-labeled diagram (like Figure B3 in your Annotated Diagrams file) to help explain,
showing the spin of the Earth, the direction of the Moon's orbit, the direction of Earth's orbit and what
causes the difference between the solar and sidereal month. Both diagram and some explanation is
required. - ✔ ✔ Solar days are longer because the moon has to rotate an extra 30 degrees, due to
the Earth traveling 30 degrees around its orbit of the sun, adding an additional 2.2 days for a solar
month.

2.55* From lecture, a common misconception about phases of the Moon is that they are caused by the
shadow of the Earth falling on the Moon. Name and explain two lines of evidence that refute this
misconception (I am not asking for the true cause of phases but rather evidence to refute this
misconception). - ✔ ✔ 1. Gibbous moon, if that's being caused by the Earth's shadow the earth
would be crescent shape.

2.1* From the article "What Are Celestial Coordinates," why is Right Ascension measured in hours
instead of degrees? - ✔ ✔ As the celestial sphere rotates 360 degrees every 24 hours, instead of
noting 1/24th of 360, or 15 degrees, it is easier to note it by each hour instead of a 15 degrees rotation.
The benefit of this numbering system is that as the Earth rotates, you see the sky turn by about 1 hour
of right ascension for each hour of time. This makes it easy to figure out when celestial objects will come
in and out of view. The sky becomes a giant 24-hour clock.

2.2 From the article "What Are Celestial Coordinates," on the sky, what reference point does the line of
0 hours of Right Ascension pass through? - ✔ ✔ Pisces

, 2.3 From the article "What Are Celestial Coordinates," describe how precession affects the celestial
coordinates of Polaris, what we currently call our North Star. - ✔ ✔ Polaris loops across the stars
around the north ecliptic pole every 26,000 years. The only noticeable changes are those that result
from the grid of celestial coordinates moving against the stars. In 10,000 years, for instance, Vega will be
the north star, and Orion will be a constellation of summer, not winter (for Northern Hemisphere
residents).

2.4* From "Echoes, Chapter 2:" What (modern) constellation is associated with the "stretching of the
cord" ceremony in ancient Egypt. Describe the evidence that leads astronomers to making this
association. - ✔ ✔ The Big Dipper



When constructing a new temple, this ceremony required the Pharaoh to establish a basic reference line
for the temple's orientation and plan using the goddess Seshat. She was portrayed by a seven-point star
with a rod holding up her head. It was known by astronomers that the Bull's thigh represented the big
dipper as it contains seven bright stars. In multiple temples, there are inscriptions that the stretching of
the cord occurred with the pharaoh's gaze on the bull's thing constellation.

2.5* From "Echoes, Chapter 2:" What is the purpose of the "stretching of the cord" ceremony in ancient
Egypt? What is it analogous to in today's society? - ✔ ✔ The stretching of the cord marks out the
alignment and orientation of a temple. It would be similar to the placement of a cornerstone at the
foundation ceremonies.

2.6 From "Echoes, Chapter 2:" In the study of the Cahokia Sun Circle, explain the significance of the
discovery of a posthole offset 5 feet due east from the central posthole of the circle. - ✔ ✔ It was
discovered that it was required to have a backsight 5 feet east, as the alignments would be off from true
center. At the offset spot, a posthole could be seen.

2.7* From "Echoes, Chapter 2:" By comparing the Cahokia circle to similar circles found in Virginia and
Florida, the author makes an argument for and against the hypothesis that the Cahokia Sun Circle was
mainly used for astronomical purposes. Describe the evidence and how it supports or detracts from the
astronomical hypothesis. - ✔ ✔ Supports: The rings of the Virginia and Florida Indians did not include
a central post, but Cahokia's does. The Sun Circle's offset central post appears to be deliberately placed
and favors the astronomically alignments.



Detracts: In Florida, they were focused on depicting warfare rituals and in Virigina, dance.

2.8* From "Echoes, Chapter 2:" Many different alignments for the windows are proposed in the passage
about the Caracol in Chichen Itza, including the setting sun on the equinox, the extreme northern and
southern moonsets, the extreme northern and southern setting locations of Venus and even the setting
of the Pleiades. Why does the author argue that the equinox alignment of the largest window (window

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