Introduction to Statistics - Final Exam
Questions And Answers Updated 2024/2025
Average - answer✔- also called mean; a number that describes the central tendency of the data
- a number that describes the central tendency of the data; there are a number of specialized
averages, including the arithmetic mean, weighted mean, median, mode, and geometric mean.
blinding - answer✔not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving
categorical variable - answer✔variables that take on values that are names or labels
cluster sampling - answer✔a method for selecting a random sampling and dividing the
population into groups (clusters); use simple random sampling to select a set of clusters. every
individual in the chosen clusters is included in the sample
continuous random variable - answer✔a random variable (RV) whose outcomes are measured;
the height of trees in the forest is a continuous RV.
control group - answer✔a group in a randomized experiment that receives an inactive
treatment but is otherwise managed exactly as the other groups
convenience sampling - answer✔a nonrandom method of selecting a sample; this method
selects individuals that are easily accessible and may result in biased data.
cumulative relative frequency - answer✔The term applies to an ordered set of observations
from smallest to largest. The cumulative relative frequency is the sum of the relative
frequencies for all values that are less than or equal to the given value.
data - answer✔a set of observations (a set of possible outcomes); most data can be put into
two groups: qualitative or quantitative which is broken down into discrete and continuous
qualitative data - answer✔(an attribute whose value is indicated by a label
quantitative data - answer✔an attribute whose value is indicated by a number
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
discrete data - answer✔data that is the result of counting (such as the number of students of a
given ethnic group in a class or number of books on a shelf)
continuous data - answer✔data that is the result of measuring (such as distance traveled or
weight of luggage)
discrete random variable - answer✔a random variable (RV) whose outcomes are counted
double blinging - answer✔the act of blinging both the subjects of an experiment and the
researchers who work with the subjects
experimental unit - answer✔any individual or object to be measured
explanitory variable - answer✔the independent varibale in an experiment; the value controlled
by researchers
frequency - answer✔the number of times a value of the data occurs
informed consent - answer✔any human subect in a research study must be cgnizant of any risks
or costs associated with the study. the subject has the right to know the nature of the
treatments included in the study, their potential risks, and their potential benefits. consent
must be given freely by an informed, fit participant
institutional review board - answer✔a committee tasked with oversight of research programs
that involve human subjects
lurking variable - answer✔a variable that has an effect on a study even though it is neither an
explanatory variable nor a response variable
nonsampling error - answer✔an issue that affects the reliability of sampling data other than
natural variation; it includes a variety of human errors including poor study design, biased
sampling methods, inaccurate information provided by study participants, data entry errors,
and poor analysis.
numerical variable - answer✔variables that take on values that are indicated by numbers
parameter - answer✔a number that is used to represent a population characteristic and that
generally cannot be determined easily
placebo - answer✔an inactive treatment that has no real effect on the explanatory variable
population - answer✔all individuals, objects, or measurements whose properties are being
studied
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
probability - answer✔a number between zero and one, inclusive, that gives the likelihood that a
specific event will occur
proportion - answer✔the number of successes divided by the total number in the sample
random assignment - answer✔the act of organizing experimental units into treatment groups
using random methods
random sampling - answer✔a method of selecting a sample that gives every member of the
population an equal chance of being selected.
relative frequency - answer✔the ratio of the number of times a value of the data occurs in the
set of all outcomes to the number of all outcomes
representative sample - answer✔a subset of the population that has the same characteristics as
the population
response variable - answer✔the dependent variable in an experiment; the value that is
measured for change at the end of an experiment
sample - answer✔a subset of the population studied
sampling bias - answer✔not all members of the population are equally likely to be selected
sampling error - answer✔the natural variation that results from selecting a sample to represent
a larger population; this variation decreases as the sample size increases, so selecting larger
samples reduces sampling error
sampling with replacement - answer✔Once a member of the population is selected for
inclusion in a sample, that member is returned to the population for the selection of the next
individual.
sampling without replacement - answer✔a member of the population may be chosen for
inclusion in a sample only once. if chosen, the member is not returned to the population before
the next selection
simple random sampling - answer✔a straightforward method for selecting a random variable;
give each member of the population a number. use a random number generator to select a set
of labels. these randomly selected labels identify the members of your sample
static - answer✔a numerical characteristic of the sample, a statistic estimates the
corresponding population parameter
stratified sampling - answer✔a method for selecting a random sample used to ensure that
subgroups of the population are represented adequately; divide the population into groups
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