Dit is een samenvatting van het vak Algemene bacteriologie & mycologie (bijzondere bacteriologie zit hier niet bij!)
Bevat ook tekeningen & soms extra handgeschreven verduidelijkingen
,Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................10
Situering van bacteriën, fungi en chromista in het rijk van de levende wezens ..................10
Fenotypische verschillen tussen Bacteria en Eukaryota .......................................................10
H1: Morfologie en structuur van bacteriën ..............................................................................11
Vorm ......................................................................................................................................11
Hoe bepaald? .....................................................................................................................11
Welke vormen? ..................................................................................................................11
Vormen bij groepering .......................................................................................................11
Afmetingen ............................................................................................................................12
Structuur ................................................................................................................................12
Genetisch materiaal ...........................................................................................................12
Chromosoom ..................................................................................................................12
Plasmiden .......................................................................................................................13
Profagen .........................................................................................................................13
Transposons en insertiesequenties ................................................................................13
Intergratieve en conjugatieve elementen ......................................................................14
Genomische eilanden .....................................................................................................14
Pathogeniciteitseilanden ............................................................................................14
Resistentie-eilanden ...................................................................................................14
Cytoplasma.........................................................................................................................14
Plasmamembraan ..............................................................................................................14
Celwand .............................................................................................................................14
Peptidoglycaan ...............................................................................................................15
Lipotechoïnezuren en techoïnezuren ............................................................................16
LPS ..................................................................................................................................18
Ijzeropname bij bacteriën ..............................................................................................18
Via productie van sideroforen ....................................................................................19
Via transferrine receptor ............................................................................................19
Via hemoglobine receptor ..........................................................................................19
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ..........................................................................19
Kapsel of slijmkapsel ..........................................................................................................19
Flagellen .............................................................................................................................20
Heliobacter Suis ..............................................................................................................20
Pili, fimbriae en fibrillae .....................................................................................................20
Pili en fimbriae................................................................................................................20
Enterotoxigene E. Coli (ETEC) .....................................................................................20
2
, Fibrillae ...........................................................................................................................21
Endosporen ........................................................................................................................21
Paenibacillus Larvae .......................................................................................................21
Bacteriën met afwijkende structuur ..................................................................................21
Genera Mycoplasma en Ureaplasma .............................................................................21
Spirocheten ....................................................................................................................21
H2: Metabolisme en groei van Bacteriën .................................................................................22
Chemische en fysische voorwaarden ....................................................................................22
Indeling o.b.v. stofwisseling ...............................................................................................22
Zuurtegraad ....................................................................................................................22
CO2 concentratie .............................................................................................................23
Zuurstofgevoeligheid ......................................................................................................23
Temperatuur...................................................................................................................23
Psychrophiles ..............................................................................................................23
Psychrotolerante bact. ................................................................................................23
Mesofiele bact. ...........................................................................................................24
Termofiele bact. ..........................................................................................................24
Vocht en osmotische druk ..............................................................................................24
Groei en vermenigvuldiging ..................................................................................................24
H3: Bacteriële genetica .............................................................................................................24
Structuur en expressie van bact. genen ................................................................................24
Structuur van bacteriële genen .........................................................................................24
Regulatie genexpressie ......................................................................................................25
Replicatie van het bact. genoom ...........................................................................................26
Fenotypische en genotypische variatie .................................................................................26
Fenotypische variatie .........................................................................................................26
Genotypische variatie ........................................................................................................26
Oorzaken van wijzigingen genetisch materiaal (genotypische variatie) ...............................26
Mutatie ..............................................................................................................................26
Puntmutaties ..................................................................................................................27
Ames test ....................................................................................................................27
Deletiemutaties ..............................................................................................................27
Effecten van mutaties ....................................................................................................27
Transformatie.....................................................................................................................28
Bewijs van transformatie volgen Griffith ....................................................................28
Resistentie via natuurlijke transformatie: Streptococcus pneumoniae .....................28
3
, Artificiële transformatie..............................................................................................28
Lysogene conversie ............................................................................................................29
Bacteriofagen .................................................................................................................29
Lystische cyclus bacteriofagen ....................................................................................29
Lysogene cyclus ...........................................................................................................29
Lysogene conversie ........................................................................................................30
Transductie ........................................................................................................................30
Conjugatie ..........................................................................................................................32
Plasmide-gemedieerde conjugatie .................................................................................32
Bij Gram- bact. ............................................................................................................32
Conjugatie via conjugatieve transposons.......................................................................34
H4 : AB resistentie.....................................................................................................................36
Definities................................................................................................................................36
Antimicrobiële gevoeligheid en resistentie .......................................................................36
MIC .................................................................................................................................36
MBC ................................................................................................................................36
Microbiologisch criterium ..............................................................................................36
Klinisch criterium ............................................................................................................37
Disk diffusie methode .................................................................................................37
E-test ...........................................................................................................................37
Natuurlijke (intrinsieke) ongevoeligheid vs. verworven antimicrobiële resistentie .........38
Intrinsieke ongevoeligheid .............................................................................................38
Mechanismen..............................................................................................................38
Verworven resistentie ....................................................................................................38
Kruisresistentie ...........................................................................................................38
Streptococcen..........................................................................................................38
Multipele resistentie ...................................................................................................39
Genetische basis van verworven resistentie .........................................................................39
Mutaties .............................................................................................................................39
Overdracht via resistentiegenen........................................................................................39
Mechanisme van verworven antimicrobiële resistentie.......................................................40
Structurele verand. van het doelwit ..................................................................................40
Verhoogd synthese van het doelwit ..................................................................................40
Adaptatie door ontw. alternatieve metabole pathway .....................................................40
Reductie in accumulatie van antimicrobieel middel in de bact. .......................................41
Productie enzymen die AB inactiveren ..............................................................................41
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