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BIOL 225 FORM AND FUNCTION OF ORGANISMS exam tips Concordia University
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BIOL 225 FORM AND FUNCTION OF ORGANISMS exam tips ConcordiaUniversity
ANIMAL QUESTIONS Concordia University
1. what is the order of development of an embryo beginning with a
zygote? zygote, blastula, gastrula, embryonic tissue
2. what is a blastula?
hollow ball of cells?
3. what is a gastrula and how is it formed?
the blastula folds by a process called gastrulation and forms the gastrula. the gastrula has
endoderm and ectoderm.
4. what forms from the endoderm, ectoderm and
mesoderm? endoderm - digestive tract
ectoderm - skin, central nervous system
mesoderm - muscles, organs
5. what is a coelem and what kinds of coelem are there?
a coelem is a space formed in the body during development...body cavity.
coelemate - coelem is embedded entirely in the mesoderm
pseudocoelemate - coelem is in a donut shape, with endoderm on the inside and
mesoderm on the outside
acoelemate - no coelem
6. what is a larva?
a sexually immature, morphologically distinct form of an animal that undergoes
metamorphosis to become mature
7. what types of symmetry do body plans
have? either radial or bilateral
8. what are characteristics of a triploblastic animal?
bilateral symmetry, endoderm ectoderm and mesoderm
9. diploblastic animal?
radial symmetry, no mesoderm
10. what occurs when a triploblastic blastula folds and what arises from
this? get a blastopore, which makes a digestive tract.
if the blastopore becomes a mouth, the animal is a
protostome. if the blastopore becomes the anus, it is a
deuterostome.
,11. what clade do most animals belong
to? bilateria
12. what is the purpose of all body
systems? maintain homeostasis
13. what is a conformer?
allows external environment to govern internal environment
14. what is a regulator?
uses internal mechanisms to maintain a specific internal environment independent of the
external environment
15. what is a thermoregulator?
, maintenance of body temperature; if too cold, plasma membrane becomes less fluid. if too
hot, enzymes will denature
16. define endotherm
animals with internal heat sources
17. ectotherm?
animals that get heat from the environment
18. homeotherm?
maintain a constant body temperature
19. poikilotherm?
body temperature changes with environment
20. how does homeostasis work?
works by negative and positive feedback
21. what is negative feedback?
works to reduce the stimulus
22. what is positive feedback?
drives the process to completion
23. what are some circulatory adaptations for thermoregulation?
evaporative heat loss, vasodilation/constriction, behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic
heat production
24. what is countercurrent exchange?
two things flow in opposite directions, thereby heating and cooling equally and
maintaining a close temperature range
25. what is concurrent exchange?
two things flowing in the same direction, one heats and one cools
26. what is the basal metabolic rate?
endothermic metabolism at rest with an emtpy stomach, no stress
27. an adequate diet must satisfy what three needs?
1. chemical energy for cellular processes
2. organic building blocks for macromolecules
3. essential nutrients that the body cannot produce
28. what are the types of essential nutrients?
1. vitamins 2. minerals 3. fatty acids 4. amino acids
29. what is malnutrition?
the failure to obtain adequate nutrition -> fatal
30. what is undernutrition?
the failure to obtain enough chemical energy -> anorexia
31. how many essential amino acids are there for all animals? what are the 8 that humans
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