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SOLUTION MANUAL
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American Government: Political
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Development and Institutional Change
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12thEditionbyCalJillson,AllChapters1-16
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
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2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
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3. Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
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4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
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5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
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6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
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7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
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8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
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9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
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10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
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11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century
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12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
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13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
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14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
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15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
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16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
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Chapter 1 xxi
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
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FOCUS QUESTIONS
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Q1 What are the broad purposes of government? xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi
A1 The ancients believed the role of government and politics was to foster human
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x excellence. However, it is imperative to remember that the Greeks and Romans
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x believed the virtuous should rule according to natural law. Furthermore, valuesof
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x equality and order would be served through a society based upon the rule
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oflaw to provide for the common good. In the Middle Ages, government was
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largely used to facilitate religion and maintained the need for the individual
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to live a proper life in the service of God. The role of government changed in
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the early sixteenth century by downplaying the role of religion while
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alternatively promoting the role of limited government to protect private
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property and individual rights.
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Q2 How should government be designed to achieve its purposes?
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A2 According to Plato the philosopher-king’s wisdom and intellect would promote xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi
x order, stability and justice. Yet, Aristotle takes a more realistic view of Athenian
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x society by advocating the best form of government as a polity, which combined
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x oligarchic and democratic elements to produce political stability. The Romans
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combined monarchical, aristocratic, and democratic principles as a mixed
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x government within representative bodies like the Senate and the Assembly in
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order to champion the causes of both the rich and the poor. Government in
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theMiddle Ages was determined through divine right, whereby a monarch or
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Pope was
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these few individuals who governed to promote religious life and protect the
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religious establishment. The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and
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Enlightenment Periods shifted the role of government from upholding religious
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doctrine to secular concerns, such as protecting inalienable rights, including
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private property, and promoting commerce. In turn, Enlightenment political
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© 2023 Taylor & Francis
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philosophers largely appealed to individualism and not religious hierarchy as xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi
ameans to provide order and stability in which individuals could flourish.
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Q3 What lessons about government did colonial Americans draw from the history
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ofancient Greece and Rome?
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A3 Plato was suspicious of democracy’s rule of the many because good government
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x would decay into mob rule. Hence, the passions of the masses needed to be
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quelled by more aristocratic elements. With this problem in mind, the Framers
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ofthe U.S. Constitution referenced the institutional design of the Roman republic
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adhered to the tradition of mixed government initially expounded by Aristotle
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and the Romans. This was maintained in the indirect selection of both the
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Senateand the presidency within the Constitution. Aristotle also advocated
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mixing aristocratic and democratic elements in a governing structure called a
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polity. In effect, this governmental design allowed the few and the many to
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participate in the politics providing an orderly society where the poor should be
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able to select government officials who were held accountable. This was also
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made manifest inthe Constitution with its aristocratic-like Senate and the more
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democratic House of Representatives. Thus the American republic’s Constitution
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established institutional powers to govern according to the rule of law. While
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the Framers rejected the religious hierarchy of the Middle Ages, they appealed
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to inalienable rights endowed upon every individual by God, per the writings of
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John Locke, in which a just government and society could not be impeded.
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Q4 What circumstances led Europeans to leave their homelands to settle in America?
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A4 Individuals immigrated to the colonies to escape religious persecution and civil xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi xxi
x unrest after the English Civil War and to pursue social and economic
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opportunities. Colonists enjoyed a vast array of natural resources and a large
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geographical area where freedom of religion and economic opportunity
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flourished. Also, their heterogeneous social composition as well as continual
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promotion of ideals, such as
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freedom at the same time that social expansion of the population was occurring.
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Q5 What did democracy mean to our colonial ancestors, and did they approve it?
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A5 The colonists were skeptical of democracy and viewed this type of governing
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x authority as mob rule. Society was largely seen as segmented into those who
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should
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elite (well- educated, land owners) should occupy positions of leadership. Thus,
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an aristocratic element within government was necessary to protect against
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thethreat of mob rule historically associated with democracy. Fundamentally, the
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idea of republicanism was promoted as an ideal at a higher level than
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democracy. This was made most manifest in the tendency to prefer mixed
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© 2023 Taylor & Francis
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