NUR 529 Exam 1 Questions And Answers
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Pathogenesis - answer✔explains how the disease process evolves. Sequence of cellular and
tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the
ultimate expression of a disease.
Morphology - answer✔Refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. Changes
are concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of
a disease.
Histology - answer✔Deals with the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
Sections play an important role in the diagnosis of many types of cancers.
Clinical Manifestation - answer✔make it evident that the person is sick (fever)
Diagnosis - answer✔Designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem. Requires a
careful history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests.
Clinical Course - answer✔Describes the evolution of a disease. A disease can have an acute,
subacute, or chronic course. Acute disorder is relatively severe, but self-limiting. Chronic
disease implies a continuous, long-term process. Subacute disease is an intermediate or
between acute and chronic; not as severe as an acute disease and not as prolonged as a chronic
disease.
Primary Prevention - answer✔directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing risk
factors (vaccination)
Secondary Prevention - answer✔detects disease early when it is still asymptomatic and
treatment measures can effect a cure or stop the disease from progressing (pap smear)
Reliability - answer✔the extent to which an observation, when repeated, gives the same result
Validity - answer✔the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to
measure
Sensitivity - answer✔determining the likelihood or how well the test or observation identifies
people with a disease
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Specificity - answer✔determining the likelihood or how well the test or observation identifies
people without a disease
Predictive value - answer✔the extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict
the presence of a given disease or condition
Incidence - answer✔the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified
time
Prevalence - answer✔a measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time
Morbidity - answer✔describes the effects an illness has on a person's life
Mortality - answer✔pertains to the causes of death in a given population
Tertiary Prevention - answer✔directed at clinical interventions that prevent further
deterioration or reduce the complications of a disease that is already present (antibiotic)
Hyperplasia - answer✔refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. It
occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division, such as the epidermis, intestinal
epithelium, and glandular tissue.
Physiologic Hyperplasia - answer✔hormonal (pregnancy) and compensatory (partial removal of
organ)
Hormonal Physiologic Hyperplasia - answer✔breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy
Compensatory Physiologic Hyperplasia - answer✔regeneration of liver after partial
hepatectomy
nonphysiologic (pathologic) hyperplasia - answer✔due to excessive hormonal stimulation or
the effects of growth factors on target tissues. Example: excessive estrogen production can
cause endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal menstrual bleeding; benign prostatic hyperplasia
is related to the action of androgens.
Metaplasia - answer✔represents a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or
mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type
Dysplasia - answer✔is characterized by deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in
cells that vary in size, shape, and organization, strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer
Necrosis - answer✔refers to cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism
Liquefaction Necrosis - answer✔occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes
are not destroyed. Example: softening of the center of an abscess with discharge of its contents
Coagulation Necrosis - answer✔acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural
proteins of the cell. Characteristic of hypoxic injury and is seen in infarcted areas. Infarction
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occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other
source of blood supply exists
Caseous Necrosis - answer✔form of coagulation necrosis in which the dead cells persist
indefinitely. Most commonly found in the center of TB granulomas
Ischemia - answer✔Characterized by impaired oxygen delivery and impaired removal of
metabolic end products such as lactic acid. commonly affects blood flow through limited
numbers of blood vessels and produces local tissue injury
(blood flow decreased)
Infarction - answer✔occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes
occluded an no other source of blood supply exists. As a rule, the shape is conical and
corresponds to the distribution of the artery and its branches. An artery may be occluded by an
embolus, thrombus, disease of arterial wall, or pressure from outside the vessel. (blood flow
completely cut off)
Intracellular accumulations - answer✔represent the buildup of substances that cells cannot
immediately use or eliminate. The substances may accumulate in the cytoplasm or in the
nucleus. The accumulation may be abnormal substance that the cell has produced, and in other
cases, the cell may be storing exogenous materials or products of pathologic processes
occurring elsewhere in the body. Example: accumulation of beta-amyloid fragments, which
progress to a skeletal muscle disorder called myositis
Dystrophic Calcification - answer✔represent the macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in
injured tissue. Often visible to the naked eye as deposits that range from gritty, sand-like grains
to firm, hard rock material. Commonly seen in atheromatous lesions of advanced
atherosclerosis, areas of injury in the aorta and large blood vessels, and damaged heart valves
(previously damaged tissue)
Metastatic Calcification - answer✔occurs in normal tissues as a result of increased serum
calcium levels. Almost any condition that increases the serum calcium level can lead to
calcification in inappropriate sites such as lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels. Major causes
are hyperparathyroidism, increased metabolism of calcium from bone, cancer with bone
lesions, or immobilization (previously normal tissue)
Lead - answer✔absorbed through the gastrointestinal tracts or the lungs into the blood. A
deficiency of calcium, iron, or zinc increases absorption
Lead Toxicity - answer✔Children are more susceptible due to higher absorption rate
Lead Toxicity Symptoms - answer✔Anemia is a cardinal sign. a severe and poorly localized form
of acute abdominal pain, behavioral changes, acute encephalopathy (most serious)
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