NUR 529 Exam 3 Questions And Answers
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What is the gut microflora? - answer✔A diverse bacterial community in the gut.
What are the major functions of the gut microflora? - answer✔Metabolic activities, trophic
effects, and protection against pathogens.
Why do the stomach and small intestine contain only a few species of bacteria? - answer✔Due
to acidic and propulsive luminal contents.
What factors influence the colonization of the GI tract? - answer✔Passage through birth canal,
diet, neonatal care, stress, pH, and immunologic status.
What is the major metabolic function of colonic microflora? - answer✔Fermentation of
undigestible dietary residue and endogenous mucus.
What is the role of colonic microorganisms in vitamin synthesis? - answer✔They synthesize
vitamin K.
What is the source of energy in the colon? - answer✔Fermentation of nondigestible
carbohydrates.
What nutrients are absorbed by colonic microorganisms? - answer✔Calcium, magnesium, and
iron.
What is resident gut flora? - answer✔Endogenous microbes in gut
What is colonization resistance? - answer✔Protection against exogenous microbes
What does gut flora restrict? - answer✔Opportunistic bacteria growth
What is the primary treatment for celiac disease? - answer✔Removal of gluten from the diet.
What is gluten? - answer✔The primary protein in wheat, barley, and rye.
Can oat products be consumed by individuals with celiac disease? - answer✔Yes, as long as they
are not contaminated with wheat during processing.
What types of food are free of gluten? - answer✔Meats, vegetables, fruits, and dairy products.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
What is the result of complete exclusion of dietary gluten? - answer✔Rapid and complete
healing of the intestinal mucosa.
What is acute gastritis? - answer✔Acute mucosal inflammation in the stomach.
What are the symptoms of acute gastritis? - answer✔Emesis, pain, hemorrhage, and ulceration.
What causes acute gastritis? - answer✔Local irritants such as aspirin, NSAIDs, alcohol, or
bacterial toxins.
What can complicate acute hemorrhagic gastritis? - answer✔Oral administration of
corticosteroids.
What is bilirubin? - answer✔Final product of heme breakdown in RBCs
What gives bile its color? - answer✔Bilirubin
What is free bilirubin? - answer✔Insoluble bilirubin attached to plasma albumin
What is conjugated bilirubin? - answer✔Soluble bilirubin in bile
Where is free bilirubin converted to conjugated bilirubin? - answer✔Inside hepatocytes
What happens to conjugated bilirubin? - answer✔Secreted as a constituent of bile
What happens to bilirubin in the small intestine? - answer✔Half is converted to urobilinogen by
intestinal flora
What happens to urobilinogen produced in the intestine? - answer✔Half is absorbed into portal
circulation, remaining excreted in feces
What happens to absorbed urobilinogen? - answer✔Returned to liver to be reexcreted into bile
What is the role of hepatocytes in bilirubin metabolism? - answer✔Convert free bilirubin to
conjugated bilirubin
What is the fate of bilirubin after it is secreted as a constituent of bile? - answer✔Passes
through bile ducts into small intestine
What is the function of bile? - answer✔Digestion of dietary fats and absorption of fats and fat-
soluble vitamins from the intestine.
What are the components of bile? - answer✔Water, bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, and certain
by-products of metabolism.
What is the importance of bile salts in digestion? - answer✔They aid in emulsifying dietary fats
and are necessary for the formation of micelles that transport fatty acids and fat-soluble
vitamins to the surface of the intestinal mucosa for absorption.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
What is the enterohepatic circulation? - answer✔The system for the recirculation of bile
involving multiple components such as the liver, biliary tract, gallbladder, portal venous
circulation, small intestine, colon, and kidneys.
What is the role of the distal ileum in the enterohepatic circulation? - answer✔Greater than
90% of bile salts that enter the intestine are reabsorbed into the portal circulation by an active
transport process that takes place in the distal ileum.
How many times do bile salts travel the entire circuit before being expelled in the feces? -
answer✔Normally, bile salts travel this entire circuit approximately 17 times before being
expelled in the feces.
What is the main component of bile salts? - answer✔Cholesterol.
What are common routes of transmission for hepatitis A? - answer✔Contaminated milk/water,
shellfish from infected waters.
Who is at special risk for hepatitis A? - answer✔People traveling abroad who have not been
exposed.
Why do young children play an important role in the spread of hepatitis A? - answer✔They are
often asymptomatic.
What promotes viral infection among children attending preschool day care centers? -
answer✔Oral behavior and lack of toilet training.
How is hepatitis B usually transmitted? - answer✔Inoculation with infected blood/serum.
Where can the viral antigen for hepatitis B be found? - answer✔Most body secretions.
Who is at high risk for hepatitis B in the United States? - answer✔Injecting drug users,
heterosexuals with multiple sex partners, men who have sex with men.
Why are health care workers at risk for hepatitis B? - answer✔Blood exposure and accidental
needle injuries.
What is the second most common risk factor for HCV transmission in the United States? -
answer✔High-risk sexual behavior.
How can HCV be spread in the health care setting? - answer✔Needlestick injuries.
What activities may facilitate the transmission of HCV? - answer✔Tattooing, acupuncture, body
piercing.
What is the incubation period for hepatitis B? - answer✔Longer than hepatitis A.
Which hepatitis virus represents a more serious health problem? - answer✔Hepatitis B.
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