NUR 529 Exam 3 Questions And Answers
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What percentage of erythropoietin is produced by the kidney? - answer✔Approximately 90%
What percentage of erythropoietin is produced by the liver and other organs? -
answer✔Approximately 10%
How does kidney dysfunction affect red blood cell development? - answer✔It impacts RBC
development and availability.
What deficiencies may contribute to anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD)? -
answer✔Vitamin B12, iron, and folate deficiencies.
What is the hemoglobin level that defines chronic anemia in adult males? - answer✔Less than
13.0 g/dL
What is the hemoglobin level that defines chronic anemia in adult females? - answer✔Less than
12 g/dL
What is the most profound hematologic alteration that accompanies chronic kidney disease
(CKD)? - answer✔Chronic anemia
What is the association between GFR decline and hematocrit in advanced CKD in African
Americans? - answer✔Research shows an association between GFR decline and the decline in
hematocrit.
What do NKF guidelines recommend for individuals with a GFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2? -
answer✔They should be evaluated for anemia.
What measures are included in the assessment for anemia in CKD? - answer✔Measures of
hemoglobin, hematocrit, and iron stores.
What are some factors contributing to anemia in CKD? - answer✔Chronic blood loss, hemolysis,
bone marrow suppression, and decreased red cell production.
Why is erythropoietin production usually insufficient in kidney failure? - answer✔It is
insufficient to stimulate adequate red blood cell production by the bone marrow.
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What are some causes of iron deficiency in people with CKD? - answer✔Anorexia, dietary
restrictions, and blood loss during dialysis.
What is the major metabolic function of colonic microorganisms? - answer✔The fermentation
of undigestible dietary residue and endogenous mucus.
What is a major source of energy in the colon? - answer✔Fermentation of nondigestible
carbohydrates, including resistant starches, cellulose, pectins, and unabsorbed sugars.
What role do colonic microorganisms play in vitamin synthesis? - answer✔They synthesize
vitamin K.
Why do newborn infants not synthesize adequate amounts of vitamin K initially? -
answer✔Because the normal colonic bacterial flora has not yet become established.
What protective role does the resident gut flora provide? - answer✔It provides a crucial line of
resistance to colonization by exogenous microbes.
What can disrupt the microbial balance in the gut? - answer✔The administration of broad-
spectrum antibiotics.
What is the role of probiotics? - answer✔They are live microorganisms that can modify the
composition of enteric flora when ingested.
What are some commonly used probiotics? - answer✔Lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and
nonpathogenic Escherichia coli.
In which disease have probiotics shown value in maintaining remission? - answer✔Ulcerative
colitis.
What can people with aspirin-related gastritis be unaware of? - answer✔They can be totally
unaware of the condition or may complain only of heartburn or sour stomach.
What symptoms are associated with gastritis from excessive alcohol consumption? - answer✔It
often causes transient gastric distress, which may lead to vomiting and, in more severe
situations, to bleeding and hematemesis.
What is the onset time for gastritis caused by staphylococcal enterotoxins? - answer✔It usually
has an abrupt and violent onset, with gastric distress and vomiting occurring approximately 5
hours after ingestion of contaminated food.
Is acute gastritis a self-limiting disorder? - answer✔Yes, acute gastritis is usually a self-limiting
disorder, with complete regeneration and healing occurring within several days of removal of
the inciting agent.
What is the primary treatment for celiac disease? - answer✔Removal of gluten and related
proteins from the diet.
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What grains contain gluten? - answer✔Wheat, barley, and rye.
Can oat products be safe for people with celiac disease? - answer✔Oat products are nontoxic
but may be contaminated with wheat during processing.
What types of products are available for those on a gluten-free diet? - answer✔Many gluten-
free types of bread, cereals, cookies, and other products.
Which food groups are generally free of gluten? - answer✔Meats, vegetables, fruits, and dairy
products.
What is the result of complete exclusion of dietary gluten for celiac disease patients? -
answer✔Rapid and complete healing of the intestinal mucosa.
What is the major cause of prehepatic jaundice? - answer✔Excessive hemolysis of red blood
cells.
What occurs during hemolytic jaundice? - answer✔Red blood cells are destroyed at a rate
exceeding the liver's ability to remove bilirubin from the blood.
What can cause hemolytic jaundice following a blood transfusion? - answer✔The decreased
lifespan of the donated red blood cells.
What is hereditary spherocytosis? - answer✔A condition where red cell membranes are
defective, leading to hemolytic jaundice.
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn? - answer✔A condition that can lead to excessive
bilirubin production in newborns.
How can internal hemorrhage affect bilirubin levels? - answer✔It can lead to excess bilirubin
production with the reabsorption of blood.
What is ineffective erythropoiesis? - answer✔A condition that can increase bilirubin
production.
What causes neonatal hyperbilirubinemia? - answer✔Increased production of bilirubin in
newborn infants and their limited ability to excrete it from 0 to 14 days old.
Why are premature infants at particular risk for hyperbilirubinemia? - answer✔Their red cells
have a shorter lifespan and higher turnover rate.
What are the characteristics of prehepatic jaundice? - answer✔Mild jaundice, elevated
unconjugated bilirubin, normal colored stools, and no bilirubin in the urine.
What are the known hepatotropic viruses? - answer✔Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus
(HBV), hepatitis B-associated delta virus (HDV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis E virus
(HEV).
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