Cognitive Psych Exam 1:Cognitive Psychology Exam
2:Cognitive Psychology Unit 3:Cognitive Psychology
Chapters 1-6:PSYC 4455) Cognitive Psychology Exam 3
Study Guide:PSYC 364 Cognitive Psychology Final Exam
Study Guide.
Primary Memory - ANSWERshort term, the degree of relationship of stored info to
consciousness, very consciously aware or short term
Secondary Memory - ANSWERnot consciously aware of long term memories unless
try to be, long term
Chunking - ANSWERtaking info that belongs together and grouping it so that is it
easier to remember
Sensory Memory - ANSWERshort duration store for sensory info
Echoic: auditory, 3-4 seconds
Iconic: visual, 1/10 second
Haptic: smell, 2 seconds
Implicit Memory - ANSWERunaware of it, ex: how to tie a shoe
Explicit Memory - ANSWERaware of it
Semantic Memory - ANSWERdates of events, details
Episodic Memory - ANSWERpertaining to events in your own life
Short Term Memory - ANSWERin hippocampus, info gets lost or stored in cortex, use
rehearsal or memory strategies to move to long term memory
Long Term Memory - ANSWERstored in cortex, if need to remember something then
hippocampus retrieves info to bring to consciousness
Ebbinghaus (1885) - ANSWERused himself as a subject, memorized nonsense
syllables because if use real words it contaminates your memory, went back and
relearned lists, looked for methods of saving.
Learning curve: takes time to get it at first, then each subsequent time gets better
until a point when start forgetting
Retention Curve: over time you stop forgetting
George Miller (1950s) - ANSWERpioneer of cognitive revolution, thought that human
mind was interesting
Magical #7: plus or minus two, number of terms a person can hold in short term
memory
, took people and gave them lists of varying lengths and most people could remember
7 at a time
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) - ANSWERStandard model of memory:
Brown (1958) Peterson (1959) - ANSWERwanted to find out how long info could
staying their memory without rehearsal
subjects have to remember three letters and then count backwards by three
info in short term memory decays over time, duration of short term memory is 18
seconds, didn't take into account that counting is interference
Proactive Interference - ANSWEREach additional time you do something,
performance declines because info tried to remember on first trial is interfering with
new info/ old info interferes with making of new memories (new vs old bf)
Retroactive Interference - ANSWERNew info interferes with memory of old info (new
locker combo)
Wickens (1972) - ANSWERperformance with each trial declines
given fruits to remember for three trials, fourth trial given new list, when change
category performance goes up
Decay Vs Interference Theory - ANSWERWaugh and Norman (1965): think the reason
for bad memory is interference not time
subjects given a list of digits to remember, have a probe and asked what digit came
after the probe
digits were presented either slow or fast
Sternberg (1966, 2004) - ANSWERThinks that the way we scan our memory is
different for short and long term: short term scans everything in memory without
stopping even if found what looking for, unlike long
Parallel search: scan all items in short term memory at once
Serial Self-terminating search: if find answer, stop scanning
Serial Exhaustive Search: scan everything, one thing at a time, whether something is
found or not
Baddeley Model (1974, 1986) - ANSWERfocuses on functionality of working memory
replaces atkinson and shiffrin concept
focuses on function: hold and manipulate info
working memory not just short term: also place where you manipulate info, has
different parts
reading comprehension: use working memory to read what currently looking at and
remember what you read before
Central Executive - ANSWERattentional control: focus attention, select strategies,
coordinate behavior, information long term memory, inhibits so tells you what to
pay attention to and what not to pay attention to
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