Exam (elaborations)
ACTUAL AQA A LEVEL 2024 PHYSICS A LEVEL PAPER 2 WITH MARK SCHEME
- Course
- Institution
ACTUAL AQA A LEVEL 2024 PHYSICS A LEVEL PAPER 2 WITH MARK SCHEME
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
tyrionlay12383
Content preview
A-level Physics data and formulaeFor use in exams from the June 2017 Series onwards
DATA - FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS AND VALUES
Quantity Symbol Value Units
speed of light in vacuo 𝑐 3.00 × 108 m s –1
permeability of free space 𝜇0 4π × 10–7 H m–1
permittivity of free space 𝜀0 8.85 × 10–12 F m–1
magnitude of the charge of electron 𝑒 1.60 × 10–19 C
the Planck constant ℎ 6.63 × 10–34 Js
gravitational constant 𝐺 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg –2
the Avogadro constant 𝑁A 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
molar gas constant 𝑅 8.31 J K –1 mol–1
the Boltzmann constant 𝑘 1.38 × 10–23 J K –1
the Stefan constant σ 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K –4
the Wien constant 𝛼 2.90 × 10–3 mK
electron rest mass
𝑚e 9.11 × 10–31 kg
(equivalent to 5.5 × 10–4 u)
𝑒
magnitude of electron charge/mass ratio 1.76 × 1011 C kg –1
𝑚e
proton rest mass 𝑚p 1.67(3) × 10–27 kg
(equivalent to 1.00728 u)
𝑒
proton charge/mass ratio 9.58 × 107 C kg –1
𝑚p
neutron rest mass
𝑚n 1.67(5) × 10–27 kg
(equivalent to 1.00867 u)
gravitational field strength 𝑔 9.81 N kg –1
acceleration due to gravity 𝑔 9.81 m s –2
atomic mass unit u 1.661 × 10–27 kg
(1u is equivalent to 931.5 MeV)
ALGEBRAIC EQUATION GEOMETRICAL EQUATIONS
arc length = r𝜃
− b ± b 2 − 4 ac
quadratic equation x=
2a circumference of circle = 2πr
ASTRONOMICAL DATA area of circle = πr2
curved surface area of = 2πrh
Body Mass/kg Mean radius/m
cylinder
Sun 1.99 × 1030 6.96 × 108 surface area of sphere = 4πr2
4
Earth 5.97 × 1024 6.37 × 106 volume of sphere = πr3
3
Version 1.7 1
,Particle Physics Waves
Class Name Symbol Rest energy/MeV 1
wave speed 𝑐 = 𝑓𝑓 period 𝑓 =
𝑇
photon photon 𝛾 0
first 1 𝑇
lepton neutrino ve 0 𝑓 = �
harmonic 2𝑙 𝜇
vµ 0
fringe 𝜆𝜆 diffraction
electron e± 0.510999 𝑤 = 𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝑛
spacing 𝑠 grating
muon µ± 105.659 refractive index of a substance s, 𝑛 =
𝑐
𝑐s
mesons π meson π± 139.576
for two different substances of refractive indices n1 and n2,
π0
134.972 law of refraction 𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2
± 𝑛2
K meson K 493.821 critical angle sin 𝜃c = for 𝑛1 > 𝑛2
𝑛1
0
K 497.762
baryons proton p 938.257 Mechanics
neutron n 939.551 moments moment = 𝐹𝐹
velocity and ∆𝑠 ∆𝑣
Properties of quarks 𝑣 = 𝑎 =
acceleration ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
antiquarks have opposite signs
equations of 𝑢+𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑎 𝑠 =� �𝑡
Baryon motion 2
Type Charge Strangeness
number 𝑎𝑎 2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑎 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑢 +
2
2 1
u + e + 0 force 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑚
3 3
∆(𝑚𝑚)
1 force 𝐹 =
d − e + 1
0 ∆𝑡
3 3
impulse 𝐹 Δ𝑡 = Δ(𝑚𝑚)
1
s − e + 1
−1 work, energy 𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑠 cos 𝜃
3 3 and power
1
𝐸k = 𝑚 𝑣2 Δ𝐸p = 𝑚𝑚Δℎ
2
Properties of Leptons ∆𝑊
𝑃 = ∆𝑡
, 𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹
Lepton number
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Particles: e− , νe ; µ− , νµ +1 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Antiparticles: e+ , ν e , µ + , ν µ −1
Materials
𝑚
Photons and energy levels density 𝜌 = Hooke’s law 𝐹 = 𝑘 Δ𝐿
𝑉
ℎ𝑐 𝐹
photon energy 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 = tensile stress =
𝜆 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴
Young modulus =
photoelectricity ℎ𝑓 = ϕ + 𝐸k (max) 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∆𝐿
tensile strain =
𝐿
energy levels ℎ𝑓 = 𝐸1 – 𝐸2
1
ℎ ℎ energy stored 𝐸 = 2 𝐹Δ𝐿
de Broglie wavelength 𝜆 = =
𝑝 𝑚𝑚
2 Version 1.7
, AQA A-LEVEL PHYSICS DATA AND FORMULAE
Electricity Gravitational fields
∆𝑄 𝑊 𝑉 𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
current and pd 𝐼 = 𝑉 = 𝑅 = force between two masses 𝐹 =
∆𝑡 𝑄 𝐼 𝑟2
𝑅𝑅 𝐹
resistivity 𝜌= gravitational field strength 𝑔 =
𝐿 𝑚
resistors in series 𝑅T = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + … magnitude of gravitational 𝐺𝐺
field strength in a radial field 𝑔 =
𝑟2
1 1 1 1
resistors in parallel = + + +⋯ work done Δ𝑊 = 𝑚Δ𝑉
𝑅T 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝐺𝐺
2
gravitational potential 𝑉 =–
𝑉 𝑟
power 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = Δ𝑉
𝑅 𝑔 =–
𝐸 Δ𝑟
emf 𝜀 = 𝜀 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟)
𝑄
Electric fields and capacitors
Circular motion
force between two 1 𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐹 =
magnitude of 𝑣 point charges 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝜔 =
angular speed 𝑟 force on a charge 𝐹 = 𝐸𝐸
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋 𝑉
field strength for a
𝐸 =
𝑣2 uniform field 𝑑
centripetal acceleration 𝑎 = = 𝜔2 𝑟
𝑟 work done Δ𝑊 = 𝑄Δ𝑉
𝑚𝑚 2
centripetal force 𝐹 = = 𝑚𝑚2 𝑟
𝑟 field strength for a 1 𝑄
𝐸 =
Simple harmonic motion
radial field 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
1 𝑄
acceleration 𝑎 = − 𝜔2 𝑥 electric potential 𝑉 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
displacement 𝑥 = 𝐴 cos (𝜔𝜔) Δ𝑉
field strength 𝐸 =
speed 𝑣 = ±𝜔 �(𝐴2 − 𝑥 2) Δ𝑟
𝑄
maximum speed 𝑣max = 𝜔𝜔 capacitance 𝐶 =
𝑉
2
maximum acceleration 𝑎max = 𝜔 𝐴 𝐴𝜀0 𝜀r
𝑚 𝐶 =
𝑑
for a mass-spring system 𝑇 = 2𝜋 �
𝑘 capacitor energy 1 1 1 𝑄2
stored 𝐸 = 𝑄𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 2 =
𝑙 2 2 2 𝐶
for a simple pendulum 𝑇 = 2𝜋 � capacitor charging 𝑡
𝑔 𝑄 = 𝑄0 (1 − e– 𝑅𝑅 )
Thermal physics decay of charge 𝑄 = 𝑄0 e– 𝑅𝑅
𝑡
energy to change
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚Δ𝜃
time constant 𝑅𝑅
temperature
energy to change
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚
state
gas law 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁
1
kinetic theory model 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑁𝑁 (𝑐rms )2
3
kinetic energy of gas 1 3 3𝑅𝑅
𝑚 (𝑐rms )2 = 𝑘𝑘 =
molecule 2 2 2𝑁A
Version 1.7 3
, Magnetic fields OPTIONS
force on a current 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵
Astrophysics
force on a moving charge 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵
magnetic flux Ф = 𝐵𝐵 1 astronomical unit = 1.50 × 1011 m
magnetic flux linkage 𝑁Ф = 𝐵𝐵𝐵 cos 𝜃 1 light year = 9.46 × 1015 m
ΔФ 1 parsec = 2.06 × 105 AU = 3.08 × 1016 m
magnitude of induced emf 𝜀 = 𝑁 = 3.26 ly
Δ𝑡
𝑁Ф = 𝐵𝐵𝐵 cos 𝜃 Hubble constant, 𝐻 = 65 km s–1 Mpc–1
emf induced in a rotating coil 𝜀 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 sin 𝜔 t 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑀 =
𝐼0 𝑉0 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑒𝑒𝑒
alternating current 𝐼rms = 𝑉rms =
√2 √2 telescope in normal 𝑓0
𝑀 =
𝑁s 𝑉s adjustment 𝑓e
transformer equations =
𝑁p 𝑉p 𝜆
Rayleigh criterion 𝜃 ≈
𝐼s 𝑉s 𝐷
efficiency = 𝑑
𝐼p 𝑉p magnitude equation 𝑚 – 𝑀 = 5 log
10
Nuclear physics Wien’s law 𝜆max 𝑇 = 2.9 × 10−3 m K
𝑘 Stefan’s law 𝑃 = 𝜎𝜎𝑇 4
inverse square law for γ radiation 𝐼 =
𝑥2
2GM
Δ𝑁 Schwarzschild radius 𝑅s ≈
radioactive decay = – 𝜆 𝑁, 𝑁 = 𝑁o e −𝜆𝜆
c2
Δ𝑡
activity 𝐴 = 𝜆𝜆 Δ𝑓 Δ𝜆 𝑣
Doppler shift for v << c =– =
𝑓 𝜆 𝑐
ln 2
half-life 𝑇½ = 𝑣
𝜆 red shift 𝑧= −
𝑐
nuclear radius 𝑅 = 𝑅0 𝐴1/3 Hubble’s law 𝑣 = 𝐻𝐻
2
energy-mass equation 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚
Medical physics
1
lens equations 𝑃 =
𝑓
𝑣
𝑚 =
𝑢
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑢 𝑣
threshold of hearing 𝐼0 = 1.0 × 10−12 W m−2
𝐼
intensity level 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 10 log
𝐼0
absorption 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑒 –𝜇𝜇
𝜇
𝜇m =
𝜌
ultrasound imaging 𝑍 = 𝑝𝑐
𝐼r 𝑍2 − 𝑍1 2
= � �
𝐼i 𝑍2 + 𝑍1
1 1 1
half-lives = +
𝑇E 𝑇B 𝑇P
4 Version 1.7
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller tyrionlay12383. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $6.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
60904 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now